Network constructed from dung sample group data using all individuals.

<p>Dung samples that were collected outside of groups were not included. Nodes represent individuals and edges indicate individuals whose dung was collected as part of the group. Squares represent males, while circles represent females. The size of the node reflects the age category; adults are the largest, unknown ages are of medium size, and juveniles are the smallest. Colors represent mitochondrial DNA haplotype; pink, Lope1; orange, Lope3; yellow, Lope4; green, Lope5; aqua, Lope6; blue, Lope7; purple, Lope9. Edges are weighted according to relatedness; those with thicker lines representing more closely related dyads.</p

Spatial autocorrelation correlograms for adult female pairs, by year and day.

<p>(A) Represents correlogram from year 2008, (B) 2010, and (C) a single day. Significant distance classes are designated with an asterisk (*) and based on 95% confidence intervals from permutation analysis. Dotted lines represent the upper and lower bounds of the 95% confidence interval generated from random permutations, while bars represent 95% error generated from bootstrap tests.</p

Map showing the SEGC study zone within Lopé National Park, Gabon.

<p>Map showing the SEGC study zone within Lopé National Park, Gabon.</p

Summary of <i>r</i> coefficients from autocorrelation analyses with inclusive distance classes for adult female forest elephants in Lopé National Park, Gabon.

<p>Significant <i>r</i> coefficients from one-tailed test for positive autocorrelation P values are in bold type.</p

Summary of sample collection, rainfall, genotyped samples, age categories, and sexes of unique individuals.

<p>For the year analyses, samples were combined with those from a separate observational study (n = 88 from 2008, n = 142 from 2010).</p