Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Modeling of Metabolic Pathways of Bromochloromethane in Rats

Bromochloromethane (BCM) is a volatile compound and a by-product of disinfection of water by chlorination. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models are used in risk assessment applications. An updated PBPK model for BCM is generated and applied to hypotheses testing calibrated using vapor uptake data. The two different metabolic hypotheses examined are (1) a two-pathway model using both CYP2E1 and glutathione transferase enzymes and (2) a two-binding site model where metabolism can occur on one enzyme, CYP2E1. Our computer simulations show that both hypotheses describe the experimental data in a similar manner. The two pathway results were comparable to previously reported values (Vmax⁡ = 3.8 mg/hour, Km = 0.35 mg/liter, and kGST = 4.7 /hour). The two binding site results were Vmax⁡1 = 3.7 mg/hour, Km⁡1 = 0.3 mg/hour, CL2 = 0.047 liter/hour. In addition, we explore the sensitivity of different parameters for each model using our obtained optimized values

Governing Boards and Profound Organizational Change in Hospitals

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/69047/2/10.1177_107755878904600204.pd

Polarization and ideological congruence between parties and supporters in Europe

The relationship between parties and their supporters is central to democracy and ideological representation is among the most important of these linkages. We conduct an investigation of party-supporter congruence in Europe with emphasis on the measurement of ideology and focusing on the role of party system polarization, both as a direct factor in explaining congruence and in modifying the effects of voter sophistication. Understanding this relationship depends in part on how the ideology of parties and supporters is measured. We use Poole’s Blackbox scaling to derive a measure of latent ideology from voter and expert responses to issue scale questions and compare this to a measure based on left–right perceptions. We then examine how variation in the proximity between parties ideological positions and those of their supporters is affected by the polarization of the party system and how this relationship interacts with political sophistication. With the latent ideology measure, we find that polarization decreases party-supporter congruence but increases the effects of respondent education level on congruence. However, we do not find these relationships using the left–right perceptual measure. Our findings underscore important differences between perceptions of left–right labels and the ideological constraint underlying issue positions

Degradation of haloaromatic compounds

An ever increasing number of halogenated organic compounds has been produced by industry in the last few decades. These compounds are employed as biocides, for synthetic polymers, as solvents, and as synthetic intermediates. Production figures are often incomplete, and total production has frequently to be extrapolated from estimates for individual countries. Compounds of this type as a rule are highly persistent against biodegradation and belong, as "recalcitrant" chemicals, to the class of so-called xenobiotics. This term is used to characterise chemical substances which have no or limited structural analogy to natural compounds for which degradation pathways have evolved over billions of years. Xenobiotics frequently have some common features. e.g. high octanol/water partitioning coefficients and low water solubility which makes for a high accumulation ratio in the biosphere (bioaccumulation potential). Recalcitrant compounds therefore are found accumulated in mammals, especially in fat tissue, animal milk supplies and also in human milk. Highly sophisticated analytical techniques have been developed for the detection of organochlorines at the trace and ultratrace level

ACCURACY OF SUBJECTIVE LOAD PARAMETERS COMPARED TO ANALYTICAL LOAD MEASUREMENTS IN NCAA DI WOMEN’S VOLLEYBALL

Hannah Nelson1, Katie Pierce2, Paul Loprinzi1, Matthew Jessee1, Chas Ossenheimer1, Melinda Valliant1, Thomas Andre1. 1University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS. 2University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN. BACKGROUND: Monitoring the workload of athletes in both an individual and team setting has become common practice. This practice can look different depending on the physical demands of the sport. In volleyball, an inertial measurement unit known as Vert can be utilized to track the number of jumps and other jump-related variables performed by players. Other ways in which jump frequency can be estimated are needed for teams and players without Vert. This study aimed to determine if volleyball athletes can accurately predict the number of jumps they perform after training and match play when given a perceptual scale. A secondary aim of this study was to determine if player position, session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE), and perceived sets played affected the player’s accuracy when predicting jump count. METHODS: Thirteen female NCAA DI volleyball players competing on a team in the Southeastern Conference participated in this study. A survey was given following each practice and match and asked for sRPE, perceived sets played, jump count, and any self-counting of jumps. Around fifteen minutes before the end of each practice and match, the participants received the questionnaire as an automated message on their phones through the MyTeams app. Analytical workload data was collected via Vert worn during practices and matches in a waistband. Accuracy of the players\u27 jump range selection was done by block coding. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) were used to determine if each player’s jump count accuracy differed based on player position, sRPE, or perceived sets played. RESULTS: It was found that 23.2% of the team’s jump count range estimations were accurate within 25 jumps of the actual number performed. 58% of the player’s responses were accurate within 50 jumps of the actual number performed. Position was the only variable to associate (p\u3c0.001, r=0.263) with player jump count accuracy with setters being the least accurate (10.8%) and liberos being the most accurate (32.8%). CONCLUSIONS: Based on these results, a subjective perceptual scale may be worth further exploration, however, adjustments may be needed on the perceived jump count scale to improve accuracy among positions

Mapping Cladophora and other submerged aquatic vegetation in the Great Lakes using satellite imagery.

We have developed a remote sensing algorithm to map the extent of Cladophora and related submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) extent and biomass in the near-shore waters (0-15 meters depth) in the Great Lakes. The algorithm utilizes the visible bands of electro-optical satellites such as MODIS, MERIS, Landsat TM and commercial high-resolution satellite imagery from sources such as GeoEye and DigitalGlobe. The algorithm maps SAV using a depth-invariant bottom reflectance index and has been successfully tested on satellite data sets of varying resolutions in Lake Michigan where there is extensive lake truth on Cladophora extent and biomass. In Lake Michigan, the SAV is predominantly Cladophora, with localized areas of macrophytes, Chara, and diatoms. A time series analysis, both annually and seasonally, of Cladophora extent at Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore was also done using historical Landsat data. The area-weighted SAV biomass, calculated based on colonized substrate only, is 36 g Dry Weight/m2. This corresponds to a standing crop of 375,000 metric tonnes wet weight lakewide. The utility of mapping Cladophora using 1km MODIS or 330 meter MERIS data with its daily acquisitions is also compared to the results from the Landsat and commercial imagery