The association between epstein-barr virus (EBV) past infection with the risk of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC)

The association of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) with oral cancer has been widely reported in the past. However, previous studies mainly focused on the current infection of EBV without acknowledging the possibility of past infection in patients which may lead to oral cancer development. The present study aims to investigate the correlation between past EBV infections with Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC). Both Immunoglobulin M (IgM) and Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies against EBV were screened to detect the presence of EBV in sera of OSCC patients using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The use of IgM antibody against EBV confirms current infection in patients, whereas IgG antibody would predict past infection throughout patients’ lifetime. Through the present study, we would be able to confirm whether patients with past EBV infection have a significant risk in developing oral cancer. ELISA tests were carried out to detect the presence of EBV IgG and IgM in 206 OSCC and control serum samples. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 12.0.1. Our results had shown that 96.6% (n = 199) of OSCC samples and 97.2% (n = 130) control were positive with EBV VCA IgG, however, none of the OSCC and control samples was positive for EBV VCA IgM. The presence of EBV VCA IgG in both OSCC and control suggest that past EBV infection does not play a significant role as a risk indicator for OSCC. Therefore, the association between EBV and OSCC was not well demonstrated in this study

The association between epstein-barr virus (EBV) past infection with the risk of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC)

The association of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) with oral cancer has been widely reported in the past. However, previous studies mainly focused on the current infection of EBV without acknowledging the possibility of past infection in patients which may lead to oral cancer development. The present study aims to investigate the correlation between past EBV infections with Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC). Both Immunoglobulin M (IgM) and Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies against EBV were screened to detect the presence of EBV in sera of OSCC patients using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The use of IgM antibody against EBV confirms current infection in patients, whereas IgG antibody would predict past infection throughout patients’ lifetime. Through the present study, we would be able to confirm whether patients with past EBV infection have a significant risk in developing oral cancer. ELISA tests were carried out to detect the presence of EBV IgG and IgM in 206 OSCC and control serum samples. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 12.0.1. Our results had shown that 96.6% (n = 199) of OSCC samples and 97.2% (n = 130) control were positive with EBV VCA IgG, however, none of the OSCC and control samples was positive for EBV VCA IgM. The presence of EBV VCA IgG in both OSCC and control suggest that past EBV infection does not play a significant role as a risk indicator for OSCC. Therefore, the association between EBV and OSCC was not well demonstrated in this study

Results from 2-DE immunoblots for (a) normal pooled sera probed with normal pooled sera, (b) normal pooled sera probed with OSCC pooled sera, (c) OSCC pooled sera probed with normal pooled sera, (d) OSCC pooled sera probed with OSCC pooled sera.

<p>Unfractionated, pooled serum samples from control and OSCC patients were subjected to 2-DE and blotted onto nitrocellulose membranes, which were then probed with pooled sera and monoclonal anti-human IgM-HRP.</p

Mass spectrometric identification of host-specific protein spots from serum protein profiles using MASCOT search engine and the NCBI database.

<p>Mass spectrometric identification of host-specific protein spots from serum protein profiles using MASCOT search engine and the NCBI database.</p

Representative 2-DE serum protein profiles of normal controls and OSCC patients.

<p>Unfractionated serum samples of (a) normal controls and (b) OSCC patients were subjected to 2-DE and silver staining. The labeled spot clusters are proteins which are consistently identified in profiles of normal controls and OSCC patients. α2-HS-glycoprotein (AHS) and α1-antitrysin (AAT) are high abundance proteins that typically appeared in protein profiles.</p

The relative expression of host specific proteins among the sera of patients.

<p>Fold change measures the degree of change in the protein of the OSCC patients (n = 25) when compared to normal controls (n<i> = </i>25). This is measured by dividing the average spot intensity in the patients by the average spot intensity in the controls. (up) represents up-regulated expression whilst (down) represents down-regulated expression of protein spot.</p><p>The relative expression of host specific proteins among the sera of patients.</p

Functional annotation analysis of identified host-specific proteins using DAVID v6.7.

+<p>The classification stringency was set to high.</p><p>Functional annotation analysis of identified host-specific proteins using DAVID v6.7.</p

Identification of biomarkers for periodontal disease using the immunoproteomics approach

Background Periodontitis is one of the most common oral diseases associated with the host’s immune response against periodontopathogenic infection. Failure to accurately diagnose the stage of periodontitis has limited the ability to predict disease status. Therefore, we aimed to look for reliable diagnostic markers for detection or differentiation of early stage periodontitis using the immunoprotemic approach. Method In the present study, patient serum samples from four distinct stages of periodontitis (i.e., mild chronic, moderate chronic, severe chronic, and aggressive) and healthy controls were subjected to two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE), followed by silver staining. Notably, we consistently identified 14 protein clusters in the sera of patients and normal controls. Results Overall, we found that protein levels were comparable between patients and controls, with the exception of the clusters corresponding to A1AT, HP, IGKC and KNG1 (p < 0.05). In addition, the immunogenicity of these proteins was analysed via immunoblotting, which revealed differential profiles for periodontal disease and controls. For this reason, IgM obtained from severe chronic periodontitis (CP) sera could be employed as a suitable autoantibody for the detection of periodontitis. Discussion Taken together, the present study suggests that differentially expressed host immune response proteins could be used as potential biomarkers for screening periodontitis. Future studies exploring the diagnostic potential of such factors are warranted

Interaction networks of identified host specific proteins using STRING v9.1.

<p>STRING database is a curated knowledge database of known and predicted protein-protein interactions. Most of the identified host-specific proteins have an established link with each other in the interaction network.</p