A Review of Scanning Tunneling Microscope and Atomic Force Microscope Imaging of Large Biological Structures: Problems and Prospects

The application of the scanning tunneling microscope (STM) and the atomic force microscope (AFM) to the study of small biological molecules, such as DNA and smaller molecules, has received considerable attention in the literature. This paper reviews STM and AFM studies of larger biological structures such as bacterial membranes, bacteriophages, viruses, antibodies, etc. The problems encountered in these applications are emphasized, with particular reference to the unknown conduction mechanism, tip-sample interaction forces, and tip-sample convolution artifacts in the images. The latter problem is illustrated by new results from IgG antibody complexes attached to a bacterial sheath layer. A new conduction mechanism involving a graphite film overlayer is suggested. The future prospects are discussed, with emphasis on the unique capabilities of these microscopes compared to conventional electron microscopes

Development and Deployment of a Point-Source Digital Inline Holographic Microscope for the Study of Plankton and Particles to a Depth of 6000 m

Bochdansky, A. B., Jericho, M. H., & Herndl, G. J. (2013). Development and deployment of a point-source digital inline holographic microscope for the study of plankton and particles to a depth of 6000 m. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods, 11, 28-40. doi: 10.4319/lom.2013.11.2

Peranan Satuan Lalu Lintas Polisi Resort dalam Pelayanan Administrasi Surat Tanda Nomor Kendaraan (Studi di Kantor Bersama Sistem Administrasi Manunggal Satu Atap Sangihe)

ABSTRACK : Based on the research results, it can be concluded that the role of Satlantas Polres in the administrative service of STNK in Samsat Sangihe Joint Office in general can be done well, but it is not fully demonstrating the principles of Prime Regident Ranmor service yet as stipulated in the Regulation of Chief of Police Number 5 Year 2012, which are simple, fast, accurate, accountable, informative, and convenient. Based on the conclusion of the research result, it is suggested that the principles of simple, fast, accurate, accountable, informative, and convenient services can be improved in the administrative service of STNK by Satlantas Polres in Samsat Sangihe Joint Office. Therefore, some actions that is needed to be done, among other things is to add the number of personnel officers, to improve the infrastructures and facilities and to add facilities in serving

Peranan Hukum Tua dalam Mewujudkan Transparansi dan Akuntanbilitas Pembangunan Desa Seretan Kecamatan Lembean Timur Kabupaten Minahasa

ABSTARCT: The authority of leadership village leader as Hukum Tua in Minahasa Regency, is head the legal community unity which has borders authorized to regulate and manage the affairs of government, the interests of the local community by community initiatives, the right of origin, and / or traditional rights are recognized and respected in the system of government of the Republic of Indonesia. Good Governance be a good idea in order to improve the quality of public services that the village government organized jointly between the Hukum Tua, BPD, community organizations and the public with the principles of transparency and accountability. Therefore, this study aims to determine the role of the Hukum Tua in realizing the transparency and accountability of development in the village of East Lembean drag troughs District of Minahasa.The research proves that the role of the Hukum Tua in realizing the principle of transparency in village drag troughs are good, because the ability to convey information and financial development programs are often delivered village itself directly to the community and village, in meetings or in the event of joy and sorrow. Communication patterns often hold a general meeting every three (3) months and provide information boards so people can determine the extent of the activities that have and have not done. The principle of accountability also good because the Hukum Tua in delivering accountability of the duties and obligations is delivered directly to the public through a loudspeaker as well as the accountability report (LPJ) be submitted in writing to the BPD, Head and forwarded to the Regent Minahasa, in determining the commitment to the process of delivering LPJ BPD and there is conformity with the vision and mission of the village government.The method used in this study is a qualitative study with 32 informants. It can be concluded that the role of Hukum Tua villages Seretan troughs in accountable is the transparency to stakeholders received good appreciation by almost all members of the Rural Colusion Organization receives accountability report Hukum Tua. Considered appropriate for a person of honor calls Ukung Tu'a is Tu'a in walak. Hukum Tua (Rural Head) can be interpreted as a protector

Implementation of Administration System in Assisting Pelyanan to the Community at SinarKasih Hospital GKST Tentena City Poso District. State University Administration Sam Ratulangi Manado

Service process to the public in order to be able to produce the output of excellent information, fast, efficient, and accurate information provided to the community. Implementation of administrative system has not run well, so this research to answer the question how the implementation of hospital administration system in helping the service to the community. In this research, the researcher limits through some elements which can influence the running of administration system which stated by Azrul (2010): Input (Human Resources and Facilities), Process (Steps), Output (Service produced) and Researcher also see Of behavioral factors or attitudes that hospital employees have in supporting the implementation of administrative systems to help service to the community. This research uses descriptive qualitative approach method through interviewing 10 informants, observation, and tracing of additional document in the form of list of interview guides, recorder and write. The results of this study show that in general the application of administrative systems in helping service to the community has not run well

Evaluasi Dampak Kebijakan Program Nasional Pemberdayaan Masyarakat (PNPM) Mandiri Perkotaan terhadap Kondisi Ekonomi Masyarakat (suatu Studi di Kecamatan Sario Kota Manado)

ABSTRACK : The most prominent problems experienced by countries that are developing ispoverty. Starting in 2007, the Indonesian government launched a national program ofcommunity empowerment independent (PNPM). Manado city, especially in Sub Sario as thelocation of this research has been carried PNPM Urban, but according to the results ofpreliminary observations, indicated not optimal, where the community of beneficiaries have not /less feel the direct benefits of the program. Thus, this research, in addition to answering some ofthe problems also aims to: Analyze the impact / influence policy implementation of the NationalProgram for Community Empowerment autonomy Urban to improved economic conditions,particularly in Sub Sario Manado City, and knowing the differences in socio-economicconditions of the District Sario between conditions early (before the implementation of policiesPNPM) and the condition now (after the implementation of policies PNPM) Urban. This studyused a survey method explanation (explanatory survey method), the purpose of this study willexplain the impact of policy implementation of the National Program for CommunityEmpowerment (PNPM) independent Urban to economic conditions.The results showed that the average economic conditions after the application of PNPMUrban obtained 29.4 or in the ideal measurement scale of 0:59, or 59%, while the economicconditions prior to the implementation of PNPM Urban, an average of only 28.7 or of 0.574 or57.4%, so that there is a difference, which is about 1.6%. This means that an increase in theeconomic conditions of village communities in the District Sario Manado City after theimplementation of the PNPM Urban of 1.6%. It indicates that programs are implemented, bothurban and Infrastructure development programs empowering community programs, especiallycapacity building, strengthening business management and venture capital as well as the creationof the business climate can give a positive impact on the economic conditions of societyenhancement village itself

A New Atomic Force Microscopy Technique for the Measurement of the Elastic Properties of Biological Materials

We developed a new technique to measure elastic properties by using the atomic force microscope (AFM) tip to press samples into grooves etched in a GaAs substrate. We measured the Young\u27s modulus of β-chitin fibres with cross-sections less than 40 nm X 20 nm to be 1-2 X 1011 N/m2. In the isotropic approximation, the Young\u27s modulus of the S-layer sheath of the archaeobacterium Methanospirillum hungatei was 1-3 X 1010 N/m2. By testing the sheath to breaking strength we estimated the bacterium can sustain an internal pressure as high as 100-200 atmospheres (1-2 x 107 N/m2)

Direct Observation by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy of the Two-Dimensional Lattice Structure of the S-Layer Sheath of the Archaeobacterium Methanospirillum hungatei GP1

Observation of the two-dimensional (2-D) 3 nm x 3 nm lattice structure of the S-layer sheath of the archaeobacterium Methanospirillum hungatei is reported for the first time by scanning tunneling microscopy. The samples consisted of sheath fragments deposited on a TaSe2 substrate and coated with a Pt/Ir film. In addition to confirming the 2-D structure, the images reveal some new information about the nano-scale details of the sheath structure. A lateral resolution of 1 nm was achieved, suggesting that the grain size of the Pt/Ir films was much less than for similar films deposited on a smooth metal surface

The p14 fusion-associated small transmembrane (FAST) protein effects membrane fusion from a subset of membrane microdomains

The reovirus fusion-associated small transmembrane (FAST) proteins are a unique family of viral membrane fusion proteins. These nonstructural viral proteins induce efficient cell-cell rather than virus-cell membrane fusion. We analyzed the lipid environment in which the reptilian reovirus p14 FAST protein resides to determine the influence of the cell membrane on the fusion activity of the FAST proteins. Topographical mapping of the surface of fusogenic p14-containing liposomes by atomic force microscopy under aqueous conditions revealed that p14 resides almost exclusively in thickened membrane microdomains. In transfected cells, p14 was found in both Lubrol WX-and Triton X-100-resistant membrane complexes. Cholesterol depletion of donor cell membranes led to preferential disruption of p14 association with Lubrol WX (but not Triton X-100)-resistant membranes and decreased cell-cell fusion activity, both of which were reversed upon subsequent cholesterol repletion. Furthermore, co-patching analysis by fluorescence microscopy indicated that p14 did not co-localize with classical lipid-anchored raft markers. These data suggest that the p14 FAST protein associates with heterogeneous membrane microdomains, a distinct subset of which is defined by cholesterol-dependent Lubrol WX resistance and which may be more relevant to the membrane fusion process. © 2006 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc