Learning rate and effect of reward type on time to choose a bowl during the cognitive bias task.

<p>A) Number of trials taken for male and female rats to learn the cognitive bias task and B) time taken for Control (Con) and Juvenile Stress (JS) animals to make a choice on chocolate vs. Cheerio trials. Error bars represent 1 SE, bars connected by an asterisk are significantly different to one another.</p

Data by litter for the cognitive bias task.

<p>A) Number of optimistic choices out of 5, B) Number of trials to learn the cognitive bias task, C) Average time taken for animals to choose a bowl in regular trials and D) Average time taken for animals to choose a bowl in ambiguous probe trials. Control litters are 1–5, JS 6–8. σ =  males, ▪  =  females.</p

Effect of trial type on time to choose a bowl during the cognitive bias task.

<p>Average time taken to choose a bowl in regular vs. ambiguous probe trials for A) Control (Con) and Juvenile Stress (JS) groups and B) males vs. females. Error bars represent 1 SE, bars connected by an asterisk are significantly different to one another.</p

Weights of Control (Con) and Juvenile Stress (JS) male and female rats from birth to 15 weeks.

<p>Error bars represent 1 SE.</p

Comparison of lithosphere structure across the Orphan Basin–Flemish Cap and Irish Atlantic conjugate continental margins from constrained 3D gravity inversions

<p>Regionally constrained 3D gravity inversion results on the Orphan Basin–Flemish Cap and the Irish Atlantic conjugate continental margins are compared to investigate crustal structure, early rifting history and geological evolution of this part of the North Atlantic. The full-crustal density anomaly distributions provide some of the first depth images of how rifted structures compare along and across these conjugate margins. Broad similarities in crustal structure are identified with some noticeable differences, linked to rifting and crustal stretching processes. Extreme crustal thinning (stretching factors >3.5) is indicated beneath much of the southern Porcupine Basin, the western half of West Orphan Basin, the eastern half of Jeanne d’Arc Basin, the southeastern half of East Orphan Basin and in pockets beneath Rockall Basin. This appears to have resulted in the serpentinization (and possible exhumation) of mantle lithosphere on the Irish Atlantic and Flemish Cap margins but not beneath Orphan Basin. A simple evolution model is proposed for the early stages of rifting between the margins. It is suggested that ancient orogenic sutures played an important role in controlling the northward migration of rifting and the rotation and displacement of Flemish Cap out of Orphan Basin. </p

Diagram of maze apparatus with details of choice outcomes in the task.

<p>Depicted is an example where the coarse sandpaper is associated with chocolate in a black cinnamon scented bowl, and fine sandpaper with Cheerio in a white coriander scented bowl.</p

Graph of social judgement scores for each of six dimensions.

<p>The BPD group scored significantly lower than the control group on judgements of intelligence, trustworthiness and approachability. </p

Regulated genes selected for RT-qPCR with their GO annotations.

<p>Regulated genes selected for RT-qPCR with their GO annotations.</p

List of primers used in the RT-qPCR and ChIP-qPCR experiments.

<p>List of primers used in the RT-qPCR and ChIP-qPCR experiments.</p

Validation of gene expression and promoter analysis associated with recall and extinction.

<p><b>a)</b> RT-qPCR results for a set of REC and EXTNOR dataset candidates. All genes with p-values p < 0.15 (Dunnett’s test, REC and EXTNOR groups against No recall group) are shown (light green coloured genes have a 0.10 < p < 0.15). <b>b)</b> Comparative genomics overview of the predicted GLI1 binding site investigated by ChIP-qPCR shows the <i>Cldn5</i> gene in the Rat genome as compared to the genomes of Mouse, Human, Rhesus macaque, Horse, Chicken and Dog and where colour signifies >80% sequence similarity. Green stripes show the different conserved sites of predicted GLI1 binding between Rat and Human. <b>c)</b> Comparison Gli1 and RelA (NF-κBp65) protein levels in CA1 between No recall (yellow boxes, n = 6) and 2min recall (orange boxes, n = 6) and 2min recall and 10min recall (purple boxes, n = 6) using background and alpha-tubulin intensity for normalization. Pair-wise comparison of expression differences within gel runs was conducted by Welsh’s t-test. Data are represented as box-and-whisker plots of the median and interquartile ranges. <b>d)</b> <i>Left panel</i>; ChIP-qPCR of predicted binding sites for NF-κBp65 against promoter elements upstream of <i>Il6</i> (overlapping with the first exon), <i>Nfkbia</i> (overlapping with the first exon), <i>Nfkbiz</i> (overlapping with the first exon), <i>Rara</i> (2200 bases upstream of the first aligned mouse exon). <i>Right panel</i>; ChIP-qPCR of predicted binding sites for GLI1 against promoter elements for <i>Cldn5</i> (720 upstream of the first exon) and <i>Gli2</i> (300 bases upstream of the first exon) respectively. Dunnett’s test based significance in enrichment of No recall (yellow bar, n = 6), 2min recall (orange bar, n = 6) and 10min recall (purple bar, n = 6) against negative control (IgG, tanned bar, n = 6) is shown. Data are shown as Mean +/- SD. *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05, # p < 0.10.</p