Characteristics of students receiving mental health services at the university of Cape Town

Bibliography: leaves 689-729.The objective of the study is to describe students presenting at the UCT-SHS-MHS; (li) to compare students presenting at the UCT-SHS-MHS with students presenting at the UCT-SHS who do NOT present at the UCT-SHS-MHS (controls); (iii) to compare students presenting at the UCT-SHS-MHS with all other students attending the University of Cape Town, and (iv) to examine the association between the number of consultations at the UCT -SHS-MHS. They are described in terms of selected demographic, academic, residential (home address), financial assistance and, where appropriate, clinical (diagnostic) variables: The study, which utilised official University of Cape Town student records, was descriptive in nature for Objective 1 and analytic in nature for Objective 2 (case-control study), Objective 3 (cross-sectional study) and Objective 4. 932 patients, 1 924 matched controls and 23 158 registered students. (i) Objective 1 (attendees) - minority groups such as Blacks (Africans, Coloureds and Indians), non-traditionally aged students, non-English first language speaking students, outof-town students and socio-economically disadvantaged students form a sizeable proportion of UCT-SHS-MHS attendees; (li) Objective 2 (patients versus controls) - non-minority groups such as English first language speaking students (rather than the minority groups reported in Objective I) utilise the UCT -SHS-MHS significantly more than the UCT -SHS; (iii) Objective 3 (patients versus the total student community) - minority groups such as Blacks (Africans, Coloureds and Indians), non-English first language speaking students, outof-town students and socio-economically disadvantaged students are significantly overrepresented amongst UCT-SHS-MHS attendees, and (iv) Objective 4 (number of consultations) - non-minority groups such as White students (rather than the minority groups reported in Objective 3) are responsible for the highest mean number of consultations at the UCT -SHS-MHS. (i) Objective 1 (attendees) - these results are largely related to the composition of the total student community although notable exceptions include female students, first year students and students whose home address is outside metropolitan Cape Town; (ii) Objective 2 (patients versus controls) - male students, non-English first language speaking students, nonArts, Music and Social Science and Humanities faculty students and students residing outside metropolitan Cape Town are either particularly unaware or extremely unsure of the potential benefits to be derived from the psychotherapeutic process; (iii) Objective 3 (patients versus the total student community) - the usage/utilisation rate is largely related to either background cultural and socio-e.conomic factors or academic-related concerns that affect students (e.g. race/population group, language and financial assistance can be closely interlinked and may relate to the set of adverse family and financial circumstances that could promote the development of mental disorders), and (iv) Objective 4 (number of consultations) - these results are largely related to the initial severity of the psychopathology, the level of resistance encountered by the student to the psychotherapeutic process employed, the need of the student for positive reinforcement from the therapist, and the range ofdependency issues affecting the student

Accounting of Profits to Remedy Biotechnology Patent Infringement

A number of important agricultural biotechnology patent disputes have arisen in Canada since the 2004 Supreme Court of Canada decision in Monsanto v. Schmeiser. Typically, defendants no longer contest issues of patent validity or infringement. Instead, the controversies have shifted to discussions about applicable remedies for infringement. The Schmeiser case ostensibly marked a fundamental change in the appropriate method for conducting an accounting of the profits that a defendant infringer must disgorge to a plaintiff patentee. The remedy of accounting of profits in patent cases, however, remains mired in definitional and conceptual confusion, which the Schmeiser case has brought to the forefront of disputes. The lack of clarity and certainty is harmful to all stakeholders in the patent system. This article makes three key contributions in the field of agricultural biotechnology patents. First, it exposes a largely unrecognized problem pertaining to the legal remedy of accounting of profits for patent infringement. To address this problem, the article corrects misunderstandings about recent court decisions pertaining to the accounting of profits remedy. Second, the article critically examines the discourse used to discuss accounting of profits, which includes sometimes inconsistent concepts, terms, and definitions. This article proposes strategies to facilitate definitional and conceptual coherence in order to establish a framework for future jurisprudence and scholarship on this topic. Finally, the article provides insights into the unsustainability of current trends in this area of law

Open Innovation and Knowledge Appropriation in African Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs)

This article seeks enhanced understanding of the dynamics of open innovation and knowledge appropriation in African settings. More specifically, the authors focus on innovation and appropriation dynamics in African micro and small enterprises (MSEs), which are key engines of productivity on the continent. The authors begin by providing an expansion of an emergent conceptual framework for understanding intersections between innovation, openness and knowledge appropriation in African small-enterprise settings. Then, based on this framework, they review evidence generated by five recent case studies looking at knowledge development, sharing and appropriation among groups of small-scale African innovators. The innovators considered in the five studies were found to favour inclusive, collaborative approaches to development of their innovations; to rely on socially-grounded information networks when deploying and sharing their innovations; and to appropriate their innovative knowledge via informal (and, to a lesser extent, semi-formal) appropriation tools

Copyright and Education: Lessons on African Copyright and Access

The African Copyright and Access to Knowledge (ACA2K) project is a pan-African research network of academics and researchers from law, economics and the information sciences, spanning Egypt, Ghana, Kenya, Morocco, Mozambique, Senegal, South Africa and Uganda. Research conducted by the project was designed to investigate the extent to which copyright is fulfilling its objective of facilitating access to knowledge, and learning materials in particular, in the study countries. The hypotheses tested during the course of research were that: (a) the copyright environments in study countries are not maximising access to learning materials, and (b) the copyright environments in study countries can be changed to increase access to learning materials. The hypotheses were tested through both doctrinal legal analysis and qualitative interview-based analysis of practices and perceptions among relevant stakeholders. This paper is a comparative review of some of the key findings across the eight countries. An analysis of the legal research findings in the study countries indicates that national copyright laws in all eight ACA2K study countries provide strong protection, in many cases exceeding the terms of minimum protection demanded by international obligations. Copyright limitations and exceptions to facilitate access to learning materials are not utilised as effectively as they could be, particularly relating to the digital environment. Distance learning, the needs of disabled people, the needs of students, teachers, educational institutions, libraries and archives are inadequately addressed. To the extent that copyright laws address the Internet and other information and communication technologies (ICTs), they do so primarily in a manner that further restricts access to learning materials. In summary, national copyright frameworks in the study countries are not geared for maximal access to learning materials, and are in need of urgent attention. An analysis of qualitative research findings, gathered from the field in stakeholder interviews, suggests that a substantial gap exists between copyright law and copyright practice in each country studied. Many users who are aware of the concept of copyright are unable or unwilling to comply with it or to work within the user rights it offers because of their socioeconomic circumstances. In everyday practice, with respect to learning materials, vast numbers of people act outside legal copyright structures altogether, engaging (knowingly or unknowingly) in infringing practices in order to gain the access they need to learning materials. In conclusion, evidence from the ACA2K project suggests that the copyright environments in the study countries can and must be improved by reforms that will render the copyright regimes more suitable to local developing country realities. Without such reform, equitable and non-infringing access to learning materials will remain an elusive goal in these countries

A Property Law Reader: Cases, Questions and Commentary, 4th Edition, Preface and Table of Contents

Property law — that body of rules which describes and defines relationships between people with respect to things — involves many choices. The choices include determining when it is appropriate and desirable to label something as property or, more accurately, as subject to a relationship between people based in the rules of property law. The choices involve asking questions, including why it is that we create relationships based in property and who should benefit from them. The rules of property law are notoriously difficult and complex, and they frequently appear disjointed and unconnected, but they are not arbitrary. They are based on choices, sometimes made explicitly, other times implicitly, about what is important. One of our principal goals in this collection of property law materials is to emphasize that the making of choices is a necessary, although commonly under-acknowledged, element in creating a regime of property law. We have made a choice to highlight what Margaret Davies has described as ‘‘asking the why question”. This involves using materials that prompt not only an investigation of the rules of property law but also the justifications for those rules. Another choice we have made in compiling this material is to highlight the disparate sources of property law. Excerpts from the decisions of common law courts dominate the page count, and learning to derive the principles and the rules from these decisions is a core element in a common law legal education, but there is much else besides. We have chosen to emphasize Indigenous legal traditions as one of the sources of Canadian property law alongside the civil law tradition in Quebec and the common law tradition (including principles of equity) in the rest of the country. This presents challenges, not the least because the concept or category of property, as it has developed in western legal traditions, sits uneasily with many Indigenous legal traditions. But it is also a useful reminder that the rules governing human relationships with respect to things are not only jurisdictionally, but also culturally and historically specific. The law of property is also to be found in a great diversity of legislative instruments, ranging from city by-laws, through provincial and federal statutes and regulations, to international agreements. These sources are scattered throughout the volume, but using them presents other challenges. Within the Canadian federation, property is primarily a matter of provincial jurisdiction, and the diversity of property regimes among the provinces limits our capacity to delve into the particular statutory framework of any one jurisdiction when producing a set of materials that is relevant across Canadian common law jurisdictions. As a result, we include examples from different jurisdictions and leave it to course instructors to add as much or as little of what is particular to their jurisdictions as they think desirable

Access to Knowledge in Africa: the role of copyright

The emergence of the Internet and the digital world has changed the way people access, produce and share information and knowledge. Yet people in Africa face challenges in accessing scholarly publications, journals and learning materials in general. At the heart of these challenges, and solutions to them, is copyright, the branch of intellectual property rights that covers written and related works. This book will help educators identifying challenges for learning materials access posed by copyright laws in Africa. Some solutions as to how to overcome these challenges are provided

A Property Law Reader: Cases, Questions, and Commentary, 5th ed., Preface and Table of Contents

Nobody has been more influential over the past generation in the teaching of property law in Canada than Bruce Ziff. His Principles of Property Law is the foundational textbook on the subject. A Property Law Reader: Cases, Questions, and Commentary, which he first published as a sole author in 2004, has become, over three subsequent editions, the most widely used teaching material for property law in the country. Bruce retired from teaching property law in 2019. His retirement left major holes not only at the University of Alberta, where he taught for decades, but also throughout Canada in terms of guiding students, mentoring professors, and developing teaching materials and other resources for property law. Bruce had brought in Jeremy de Beer, Douglas Harris, and Margaret McCallum to collaborate with him on the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th editions of A Property Law Reader, but with his retirement, and also with Margaret’s, after years at the University of New Brunswick, the 5th edition is the product of a new scholarly collaboration with Tenille Brown and Patricia Farnese joining Jeremy and Doug. Although Bruce has stepped aside entirely from this 5th edition, his intellectual contributions remain profound. Much of the material within chapters has been updated or replaced, but the 5th edition retains the structure and organization that Bruce initially conceived. It also retains many of Margaret’s contributions to the selection of material and the commentary. The preface of the 4th edition began with this statement: “Property law—that body of rules which describes and defines relationships between people with respect to things—involves many choices.” The opening paragraphs continued by emphasizing that these choices, explicit or implicit, involve important decisions about the allocation of resources, and further, that we needed to interrogate the justifications for these decisions. The materials in the 4th edition, and in this 5th edition, return repeatedly to the justifications for particular rules and to ask whether they remain convincing. Indeed, the collection of materials was designed to enable an investigation of property law rules, and of the justifications for them

Knowledge & innovation in Africa: scenarios for the future

This book is the product of three years of literature reviews, expert interviews and scenario-building exercises by the Open African Innovation Research and Training (Open A.I.R.) network, which has members in 14 African countries. The authors trace the contours of knowledge and innovation in Africa from the founding civilisations to today’s current realities, and then set out the drivers of change that can be expected to shape innovation systems on the continent between now and the year 2035. The volume then offers three plausible scenarios – elements of which are likely to emerge in various settings on the continent in the short- to medium-term. Each scenario raises different issues for control of, and access to, knowledge in Africa. The key insight for policymakers, business leaders, scholars and civil society is that the question is not whether intellectual property (IP) rights will be relevant in the future, but rather which rights will be most important in different scenarios