Comparative analysis of nonvolatile and volatile metabolites in <i>Lichtheimia ramosa</i> cultivated in different growth media

<p><i>Lichtheimia ramosa</i> is one of the predominant filamentous fungi in Korean traditional <i>nuruk</i>. The nonvolatile and volatile metabolites of <i>L. ramosa</i> cultivated in three growth media: complete medium (CM), potato dextrose broth (PDB), and sabouraud dextrose broth (SDB), were investigated and compared. Among nonvolatile metabolites, serine, lysine, and ornithine increased in CM and PDB cultivated with <i>L. ramosa</i> during the exponential phase. In addition, glucose level increased in CM whereas decreased in PDB and SDB. The major volatile metabolites in the extract samples were acetic acid, ethanol, 3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol, 2-phenylethanol, ethylacetate, 2-furaldehyde, 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furaldehyde, 2,3-dihydro-3,5,-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4<i>H</i>-pyran-4-one, and <i>α</i>-humulene. In particular, the levels of volatile metabolites related to <i>makgeolli</i> (e.g., acetic acid, ethanol, and ethyl acetate) were highest in extracts cultivated in CM. On the other hand, the level of 2-phenylethanol was relatively higher in PDB and SDB, possibly due to there being more phenylalanine present in the biomass sample in media.</p

List of permutation parameters of the PLSR models obtained using variables selected by vector normalization applied after the second differentiation, UV scaling, and with various VIP cutoff values using different wavenumber areas for the comparison of the three groups of Korean provinces.

<p>List of permutation parameters of the PLSR models obtained using variables selected by vector normalization applied after the second differentiation, UV scaling, and with various VIP cutoff values using different wavenumber areas for the comparison of the three groups of Korean provinces.</p

Map showing the origin of the Chinese and Korean soybeans used in the experiments.

<p>(A) Map of China. The Chinese provinces were divided into three regions: northeastern, eastern, and southeastern. The northeastern region comprises four provinces: (a) Neimenggu, (b) Heilongjiang, (c) Jilin, and (d) Liaoning. The eastern region comprises four provinces: (e) Hebei, (f) Shandong, (g) Anhui, and (h) Hubei. The southeastern region comprises five provinces: (i) Zhejiang, (j) Jiangxi, (k) Fujian, (l) Guangdong, and (m) Guangxi. (B) Map of South Korea. The South Korean provinces were divided into three regions: upper, left side, and right side. The upper region comprises three provinces: (1) Gyeonggi-do, (2) Gangwon-do, and (3) Chungcheongbuk-do. The left-side region comprises three provinces: (4) Chungcheongnam-do, (5) Jeollabuk-do, (6) and Jeollanam-do. The right-side region comprises two provinces: (7) Gyeongsangbuk-do and (8) Gyeongsangnam-do.</p

Hierarchical cluster analysis derived from the most suitable prediction models for the discrimination of soybean samples.

<p>(A) Chinese vs. Korean soybean samples (single linkage), (B) discrimination of Chinese soybean samples (Ward), and (C) discrimination of Korean soybean samples (Ward).</p

List of permutation parameters of the PLSR models obtained using variables selected by vector normalization applied after the second differentiation, UV scaling, and with various VIP cutoff values using different wavenumber areas for the comparison of the three groups of Chinese provinces.

<p>List of permutation parameters of the PLSR models obtained using variables selected by vector normalization applied after the second differentiation, UV scaling, and with various VIP cutoff values using different wavenumber areas for the comparison of the three groups of Chinese provinces.</p

Morphological characteristics of the 13 Chinese soybean samples.

<p>Morphological characteristics of the 13 Chinese soybean samples.</p

List of permutation parameters of the PLSR models obtained using variables selected by vector normalization applied after the second differentiation, UV scaling, and with various VIP cutoff values using different wavenumber areas for the comparison of Chinese and Korean soybeans.

<p>List of permutation parameters of the PLSR models obtained using variables selected by vector normalization applied after the second differentiation, UV scaling, and with various VIP cutoff values using different wavenumber areas for the comparison of Chinese and Korean soybeans.</p

Flow chart for discrimination of unidentified soybean origin using FT-IR.

<p>Flow chart for discrimination of unidentified soybean origin using FT-IR.</p

FT-IR spectrum band assignments of soybeans cultivated in Neimenggu province.

<p>FT-IR spectrum band assignments of soybeans cultivated in Neimenggu province.</p

Morphological characteristics of the eight Korean soybean samples.

<p>(1) Gyeonggi-do Anseong, (2) Gangwon-do Yeongwol, (3) Chungcheongbuk-do Eumseong, (4) Chungcheongnam-do Cheonan, (5) Jeollabuk-do Imsil, (6) Jeollanam-do Yeonggwang, (7) Gyeongsangbuk-do Uiseong, and (8) Gyeongsangnam-do Geochang.</p