Npas4 regulates IQSEC3 expression in hippocampal somatostatin interneurons to mediate anxiety-like behavior

Activity-dependent GABAergic synapse plasticity is important for normal brain functions, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Here, we show that Npas4 (neuronal PAS-domain protein 4) transcriptionally regulates the expression of IQSEC3, a GABAergic synapse-specific guanine nucleotide-exchange factor for ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF-GEF) that directly interacts with gephyrin. Neuronal activation by an enriched environment induces Npas4-mediated upregulation of IQSEC3 protein specifically in CA1 stratum oriens layer somatostatin (SST)-expressing GABAergic interneurons. SST+ interneuron-specific knockout (KO) of Npas4 compromises synaptic transmission in these GABAergic interneurons, increases neuronal activity in CA1 pyramidal neurons, and reduces anxiety behavior, all of which are normalized by the expression of wild-type IQSEC3, but not a dominant-negative ARF-GEF-inactive mutant, in SST+ interneurons of Npas4-KO mice. Our results suggest that IQSEC3 is a key GABAergic synapse component that is directed by Npas4 and ARF activity, specifically in SST+ interneurons, to orchestrate excitation-to-inhibition balance and control anxiety-like behavior.1

Bali-Bhuwana Rupa Global-Bali Photography Exhibition "Wara Samasta Waruna"

Lebih jauh dari semata menyuguhkan keindahan, pameran internasional bertema “Wara-Samasta-Waruna” (Puja Samudra, Mulia Semesta) berhasil menghadirkan fotografi sebagai capaian seni tersendiri yang mengesankan. Sejumlah karya menghamparkan keheningan mendalam; mengundang renungan. Sebagian lain justru menyampaikan hal sebaliknya; kesan keseharian yang menggugah pandang. Secara keseluruhan karya lintas bangsa tersebut berupaya mengungkapkan sekaligus mempertanyakan apa itu Realitas atau Kenyataan seturut era yang serba digital in

Gait planning based on kinematics for a quadruped gecko model with redundancy

Recent research on mobile robots has focused on locomotion in various environments. In this paper, a gait-generation algorithm for a mobile robot that can travel from the ground to a wall and climb vertical surfaces is proposed. The algorithm was inspired by a gecko lizard. Our gait planning was based on inverse kinematics using the Jacobian of the whole body, where the redundancy was solved by defining an object function for the gecko posture to avoid collisions with the surface. The optimal scalar factor for these two objects was obtained by defining a superior object function to minimize the angular acceleration of joints. The algorithm was verified through simulation of the gecko model travelling on given task paths and avoiding abnormal joint movements and collisions