The drying up of Britain? A national estimate of changes in seasonal river flows from 11 Regional Climate Model simulations

As climate change may modify the hydrological cycle significantly, understanding the impact on river flow is important because it affects long-term water resources planning. Here, we describe a high-resolution British assessment of changes in river flows in the 2050s under 11 different realisations of HadRM3. In winter, river flows may either increase or decrease, with a wide range of possible decreases in summer flow. These results should encourage adaptation that copes with a broad range of future hydrological conditions. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Number of rare non-synonymous and splice-site variants found in the 439 sequenced samples.

<p>*Based on our segregation analyses.</p><p>**Not present in the AD&FTD mutation database or in dbSNP.</p><p>Only the rare (MAF<0.05) non-synonymous, splice-site and nonsense sequence variants are shown.</p

Demographic data for the cohort.

<p>The mean, the standard deviation and the range for the age at onset (AAO) for the sequenced samples and the families are shown. For the families the AAO represents the mean AAO of the affected individuals of each family.</p

Pedigrees for some of the sequenced families illustrating the presence of phenocopies and low penetrance mutations or the presence of presymptomatic cases.

<p>A) Pedigree for a family with the <i>PSEN1 A79V</i> mutation. B) Pedigree for a family with the <i>GRN R493X</i> mutation. AO indicates the subject or family report of age of onset of symptoms. AE = the age of last evaluation. MCI: Mild cognitive impairment or questionable dementia by family report.+symbol indicates that the subject is positive for the indicated mutation.−symbol indicates that the subject is negative for the indicated mutation. A number inside of a diamond indicates the number of subjects with the same status. Fully shaded circles or squares indicate confirmed AD by autopsy. Three/fourths shaded symbol indicates probable AD diagnosed using NINCDS-ADRDA criteria. One/fourth shaded symbol indicates that the family reports this individual has AD.</p

Distribution of the families by the number of affected individuals in each family.

<p>The number of families with different numbers of affected individuals is shown. More than 50% of the families have 4 or 5 affected individuals. The number of sequence variants found in each group is also shown.</p

List of the pathogenic and likely pathogenic non-synonymous, splice site and nonsense sequence variants identified.

<p>List of the non-synonymous, splice and nonsense variants identified in the 439 sequenced samples. The identified variants were genotyped in all the available family samples. The number of affected carriers, non-carriers and the un-affected carriers, non-carriers, as well as the mean age at onset and the standard deviation for the affected and the age at last assessment for the unaffected individuals are shown.</p><p>The variants were classified as pathogenic, or likely pathogenic based on our segregation analyses, bioinformatic analyses, sequencing and genotyping data in additional cases and controls (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0031039#pone-0031039-t005" target="_blank">table 5</a>) and previous reports.</p