Concentration or representation : the struggle for popular sovereignty

There is a tension in the notion of popular sovereignty, and the notion of democracy associated with it, that is both older than our terms for these notions themselves and more fundamental than the apparently consensual way we tend to use them today. After a review of the competing conceptions of 'the people' that underlie two very different understandings of democracy, this article will defend what might be called a 'neo-Jacobin' commitment to popular sovereignty, understood as the formulation and imposition of a shared political will. A people's egalitarian capacity to concentrate both its collective intelligence and force, from this perspective, takes priority over concerns about how best to represent the full variety of positions and interests that differentiate and divide a community

Additional file 1: Table S1. of Identifying gene-gene interactions that are highly associated with Body Mass Index using Quantitative Multifactor Dimensionality Reduction (QMDR)

Information for cohorts providing individual level data. Information regarding the geographic location, and numbers of individuals included from each cohort. (PDF 40 kb

Additional file 6:Â Additional Acknowledgements. of Identifying gene-gene interactions that are highly associated with Body Mass Index using Quantitative Multifactor Dimensionality Reduction (QMDR)

Acknowledgements and detailed descriptions of the five studies that provided the data for the analyses in this paper. (PDF 68 kb

Additional file 4: Table S3. of Identifying gene-gene interactions that are highly associated with Body Mass Index using Quantitative Multifactor Dimensionality Reduction (QMDR)

Details of LD expanded models. Number of LD-expanded (proxy) SNP-SNP models generated for each original discovered SNP-SNP model. (XLSX 34 kb

Comparison of most significant associations identified in European Americans with African Americans from the eMERGE Network.

<p>We plotted p-values, coded allele frequencies, and betas for euthyroid European Americans (n = 4,501) and African Americans (n = 351) in the eMERGE Network for serum TSH level tests of association using SynthesisView. Data shown are comparisons between European Americans (blue markers) and African Americans (red markers) for p-values (data shown are –log10 (pvalue)), genetic effect magnitudes (beta), and minor (coded) allele frequencies (MAF) for the 31 most significant SNPs in European Americans. Red horizontal line on p-value track indicates p = 0.05. SNPs are oriented across the top of the figure, arranged by chromosomal location. Large triangles represent p-values at or smaller than 5×10⁻⁰⁸. Direction of the marker for p-values indicates direction of effect for each SNP.</p

Population characteristics in euthyroid individuals for serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels and demographics in the eMERGE Network.

<p>Means (standard deviation) are presented unless otherwise noted.</p><p>Population characteristics in euthyroid individuals for serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels and demographics in the eMERGE Network.</p

Comparison of associations in eMERGE European Americans to previously published genetic associations with serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels.

<p>SNP rs number, chromosomal location, nearest gene/gene region, coded allele (CA), coded allele frequency (CAF), and association summary statistics (betas, standard errors, and p-values) are given for each previously reported association with TSH levels in European Americans. CAF for rs4704397 is the mean CAF for the combined cohorts described in Taylor et al. <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0111301#pone.0111301-Panicker3" target="_blank">[16]</a>. For SNPs not directly genotyped in this study, the proxy in highest linkage disequilibrium in 1000 Genomes CEU reference panel was identified. Results of adjusted (age, sex, body mass index, and principal component 1) tests of association are given for each previously reported SNP or its proxy in this European American dataset (n = 4,501).</p><p>Comparison of associations in eMERGE European Americans to previously published genetic associations with serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels.</p

Body mass index as a modifier of serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels genetic associations in eMERGE European Americans.

<p>Interaction analyses were performed using the SNPs with p<1×10⁻⁰⁴ significance levels in the model adjusted for age, sex, PC1, and body mass index in European Americans (n = 4,501). For each significant (p<0.05) interaction term, the model was then stratified by normal/overweight BMI (normal BMI  = 18–24.9; overweight BMI ≥25). We considered a SNPxBMI interaction significant at a threshold of p<0.05. Shown are p-values from Wilcoxon rank-sum test comparing median TSH values between BMI categories at each genotype.</p

Genome-wide significant SNP associations for serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels in eMERGE euthyroid European Americans (n = 4,501).

<p>Significance defined as p<5×10⁻⁸. Tests of association using linear regression for 474,366 SNPs assuming an additive genetic model and adjusted for age, sex, principal component (PC1), and body mass index were performed.</p><p>Genome-wide significant SNP associations for serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels in eMERGE euthyroid European Americans (n = 4,501).</p

Manhattan plot of tests of association with serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels in euthyroid European Americans in eMERGE.

<p>Data shown are p-values from single SNP tests of association with serum TSH levels in a model adjusted for age, sex, principal component (PC1), and body mass index in euthyroid European Americans in eMERGE Network (n = 4,501). The y-axis represents the –log10 (p-value); horizontal lines represent Bonferroni corrected significance level (p<5×10⁻⁰⁸) (top) and suggestive significance level (1×10⁻⁰⁴) (bottom). Chromosomes are arranged on the x axis.</p