Number of repetitions with evidence for Allee effects from simulations of an individual-based spatially explicit model for gray wolves [37] in the southern Lake Superior region.

<p>Number of repetitions with evidence for Allee effects from simulations of an individual-based spatially explicit model for gray wolves [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0150535#pone.0150535.ref037" target="_blank">37</a>] in the southern Lake Superior region.</p

Simulations for an individual-based spatially explicit model for southern Lake Superior wolves.

<p>We varied perception neighborhoods where simulated wolves could search for mates 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 territories away (concentric circles) and the log mean parameter in the lognormal distribution used to calculate individual dispersal distance with average dispersal distances of 25, 50, and 100 kilometers (sectors) on a simulated landscape.</p

The probability of an Allee effect from simulations of an individual-based spatially explicit model.

<p>Posterior mean and 95% credible intervals of the probability of an Allee effect from simulations varying the perception neighborhood for mate-finding as 1, 2 or >3 territories (terr) away and the mean dispersal distances as low (25 km), average (50 km) and high (100 km) in an individual-based spatially explicit model for gray wolves in the southern Lake Superior region [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0150535#pone.0150535.ref037" target="_blank">37</a>].</p

Depiction of an individual-based spatially explicit model for growth of the southern Lake Superior wolf population [37].

<p>The hierarchical levels of organization are the individual wolves, grid cells that make up the landscape, territories, and wolf population and the lists (e.g., sex, age, pack status) are the variables that characterize each level.</p

Splines fit to growth versus population size of the southern Lake Superior wolf population in 1980–2011.

<p>Fitted curves with 95% credible intervals from splines fit to the relationship between per capita growth and four measure of population size for gray wolves in the southern Lake Superior wolf (SLS) population (A) and Wisconsin (B), including the number of packs (C) and the proportion of occupied territory in Wisconsin (D).</p

S1;S2 from Harvest and group effects on pup survival in a cooperative breeder

S1. Details of sample of wolves harvested in Idaho USA, 2009-2014. Month animal was harvested is listed in parentheses. BF = breeding female, BM = breeding male, NBF = nonbreeding female, NBM = nonbreeding male. Not all harvested wolves had viable DNA samples or complete information taken during mandatory hunter check-in. This table does not represent the total harvest for the study areas in this paper.;S2. Data used for analysis of pup survival, Alberta, Idaho and Yellowstone National Park, Ausband et al