Current and potential treatment of colorectal cancer metastasis to bone

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) with subsequent bone metastasis is associated with a poor prognosis compared with patients who do not develop bone metastasis. However, metastasis in bone is rare, contrasted with more common locations such as the liver and lungs. As a result, the treatment methods targeting CRC bone lesions are limited. This review aims to compile information regarding current and potential medical and surgical treatment methods for colorectal cancer with specific regard to bone metastasis. Methods: A computer-based literature review of animal- and human-based studies was conducted using multiple database searches. Case reports were excluded. Results: Preliminary findings demonstrate that treatments specifically targeting bone metastasis due to colorectal cancer are categorized by local vs. systemic treatment. The primary goals are the alleviation of skeletal-related events and improvement in quality of life. Current options include: chemotherapy, radiation, monoclonal antibodies, and surgery. Emerging options include intratumoral mellitin, MRgFUS, and bone microenvironment targeting. Conclusion: Treatment of CRC metastasis to bone is necessary to slow down metastatic progression, alleviate symptoms, and improve quality of life. With a possible rise in bone metastasis due to increased overall CRC survival rates, more clinical trials should be performed to address this growing concern

High-Salt Diet Exacerbates <i>H. pylori</i> Infection and Increases Gastric Cancer Risks

Gastric cancer ranks as the fifth-leading contributor to global cancer incidence and the fourth-highest in terms of cancer-related mortality. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection leads to inflammation and ulceration, atrophic and chronic gastritis, and eventually, increases the risk of developing gastric adenocarcinoma. In this paper, we delve into the combined impact of a high-salt diet (HSD) and concurrent H. pylori infection, which act as predisposing factors for gastric malignancy. A multitude of mechanisms come into play, fostering the development of gastric adenocarcinoma due to the synergy between an HSD and H. pylori colonization. These encompass the disruption of mucosal barriers, cellular integrity, modulation of H. pylori gene expression, oxidative stress induction, and provocation of inflammatory responses. On the whole, gastric cancer patients were reported to have a higher median sodium intake with respect to healthy controls. H. pylori infection constitutes an additional risk factor, with a particular impact on the population with the highest daily sodium intake. Consequently, drawing from epidemiological discoveries, substantial evidence suggests that diminishing salt intake and employing antibacterial therapeutics could potentially lower the susceptibility to gastric cancer among individuals

An Integrated Assessment Model for Helping the United States Sea Scallop (Placopecten magellanicus) Fishery Plan Ahead for Ocean Acidification and Warming.

Ocean acidification, the progressive change in ocean chemistry caused by uptake of atmospheric CO2, is likely to affect some marine resources negatively, including shellfish. The Atlantic sea scallop (Placopecten magellanicus) supports one of the most economically important single-species commercial fisheries in the United States. Careful management appears to be the most powerful short-term factor affecting scallop populations, but in the coming decades scallops will be increasingly influenced by global environmental changes such as ocean warming and ocean acidification. In this paper, we describe an integrated assessment model (IAM) that numerically simulates oceanographic, population dynamic, and socioeconomic relationships for the U.S. commercial sea scallop fishery. Our primary goal is to enrich resource management deliberations by offering both short- and long-term insight into the system and generating detailed policy-relevant information about the relative effects of ocean acidification, temperature rise, fishing pressure, and socioeconomic factors on the fishery using a simplified model system. Starting with relationships and data used now for sea scallop fishery management, the model adds socioeconomic decision making based on static economic theory and includes ocean biogeochemical change resulting from CO2 emissions. The model skillfully reproduces scallop population dynamics, market dynamics, and seawater carbonate chemistry since 2000. It indicates sea scallop harvests could decline substantially by 2050 under RCP 8.5 CO2 emissions and current harvest rules, assuming that ocean acidification affects P. magellanicus by decreasing recruitment and slowing growth, and that ocean warming increases growth. Future work will explore different economic and management scenarios and test how potential impacts of ocean acidification on other scallop biological parameters may influence the social-ecological system. Future empirical work on the effect of ocean acidification on sea scallops is also needed

Actual (NEFSC 2010, CASA estimated July 1) and modeled whole stock (A) biomass and (B) abundance.

<p>Data from year 2000 are model initial conditions.</p

Parameters for the scallop submodel.

<p>Items, except for discard mortality rates, have different values for Georges Bank (GB) and Mid Atlantic (MA).</p><p>Parameters for the scallop submodel.</p

Relative change in adult/juvenile (>40 mm) bivalve growth or calcification vs. relative change in Ω from literature studies.

<p>Includes 8 different species from 6 different studies. Dashed lines are 95% confidence intervals.</p

Mean ± SD (n = 100) model forecasts out to 2050 using CO₂ forcing from RCP 8.5 and 1.4°C SST warming (blue) and forecasts with constant 2008 CO₂ concentration and temperature (red).

<p>Deep box (A) pH and (B) calcite saturation state from Georges Bank, (C) landings, (D) total spawning stock biomass (scallops >40mm shell height), (E) revenue (2011 USD), and (F) fractional landings in category U10 (meat weight 10 and under scallops/lb).</p

Actual (NMFS commercial landings accessed Jan. 28, 2014) and modeled ex-vessel (A) revenue and (B) landings.

<p>Data from year 2000 are model initial conditions.</p

Initial conditions for the socioeconomic and scallop submodels for year 2000.

<p>All dollars reported in 2011 USD.</p><p>Initial conditions for the socioeconomic and scallop submodels for year 2000.</p

US sea scallop harvests through time (NMFS commercial harvest data accessed January 28, 2014).

<p>Values are adjusted to 2011 US dollars.</p