Human Service Organization-Environment Relationships in Relation to Environmental Justice: Old and New Approaches to Macro Practice and Research

The topic of organization-environment relations informs how organizational managers, community leaders, and policymakers and advocates secure essential resources, justify their strategic importance, collaborate and compete, and engage in civic participation and politics. Yet the topic has rarely focused upon the built and natural environments; and research on environmental justice (as a sister of social justice) has lagged despite longstanding concerns of environmental racism and strong interest in the development and sustainment of community-based practices, programs, and policies in response to environmental degradation. We provide a brief vision of macro practice, education, research, and theory that is (1) centered in environmental justice and (2) rooted in what managers and leaders do within organizations and communities. Our analysis identifies novel and needed directions for the future, as we imply that important theoretical and conceptual perspectives supporting macro practice, programming, and research are being unmoored by environmental dislocations facing targeted communities

PVH viral particles and particle length distribution.

<p>(A) Particle length distribution of PVH. (B) Transmission electron micrograph showing the negative-stained virion of purified PVH.</p

Phylogenetic analysis of PVH.

<p>Phylogenetic relationships of PVH and viruses in the genus <i>Carlavirus</i> within the family <i>Betaflexiviridae</i> based on the protein-coding sequences of (A) the replication polyprotein and (B) the coat protein. The neighbor-joining trees were constructed with maximum composite likelihood substitution model using MEGA (version 4.1). Bootstrap values shown at the branching points indicate the percentages of 10000 replications produced the clade (bootstrap values shown when >75%). Virus species and GenBank accession numbers used in the analysis: <i>Aconitum latent virus</i> (AcLV, AB051848); Apple stem pitting virus (ASPV, D21829); Blueberry scorch virus (BlScV, L25658); <i>Carnation latent virus</i> (CLV, AJ010697); <i>Cowpea mild mottle virus</i> (CPMMV, AF024628); <i>Chrysanthemum virus B</i> (CVB, AB245142); <i>Coleus vein necrosis virus</i> (CVNV, EF527260); Carrot carlavirus (CVS, EU881919); <i>Daphne virus S</i> (DVS, AJ620300); <i>Garlic common latent virus</i> (GarCLV, AB004566); Helleborus mosaic virus (HeMV, FJ196838); <i>Helleborus net necrosis virus-1</i> (HeNNV-1, FJ196835); <i>Helleborus net necrosis virus-2</i> (HeNNV-2, FJ196836); <i>Hop latent virus</i> (HpLV, AB032469); <i>Helenium virus S</i> (HelVS, D10454); <i>Hydrangea chlorotic mottle virus</i> (HCMV, DQ412999); <i>Kalanchoe latent virus</i> (KLV, AJ293570); <i>Ligustrum necrotic ringspot virus</i> (LiNRSV, EU074853); <i>Lily symptomless virus</i> (LSV, AJ564638); <i>Melon yellowing-associated virus</i> (MYaV, AY373028); <i>Narcissus common latent virus</i> (NCLV, AM158439); <i>Nerine latent virus</i> (NeLV, DQ098905); <i>Pea streak virus</i> (PeSV, AF354652); Phlox virus B (PhVB, EU162589); Phlox virus M (PhVM, EF507476); Phlox virus S (PhVS, EF492068); <i>Passiflora latent virus</i> (PLV, DQ455582); Poplar mosaic virus (PopMV, AY505475); <i>Potato latent virus</i> (PoLV, EU433397); Potato virus M (PVM, AJ437481); <i>Potato rough dwarf virus</i> or <i>Potato virus P</i> (PRDV or PVP, EU020009); Potato virus S (PVS, AJ863509); Shallot latent virus (SLV, AJ292226); Sweet potato chlorotic fleck virus (SPCFV, AY461421).</p

Genomic organization of PVH.

<p>(A) Schematic diagram of the PVH genome. The solid line represents the RNA genome and the boxes represent the ORFs. The putative protein products are indicated. (B) Genome cloning strategy and locations of the cDNA clones used for PVH sequencing: p1 represents the RT-PCR-generated sequence using the degenerate primer during the detection of <i>Potato leafroll virus</i>; h1, h2 and h3 represent RT-PCR-generated sequences using degenerate primers specific to carlaviruses and PVH specific primers based on the p1 sequence; rc is the 5-terminal clone generated by 5' rapid amplification of cDNA ends. The sequences of the primers are shown in Table 1.</p

Systemic symptoms caused by PVH in potato cv.

<p>Shepody and <i>Nicotiana glutinosa</i> (<i>N. g.</i>) leaves. (A) Systemic effects on the leaves of potato cv. Shepody at 60 dpi. 1, leaf of mock Shepody plant inoculated with ddH₂O; 2, 3, leaves of Shepody plant inoculated with PVH. (B) <i>N. g</i>. systemic leaves at 53 dpi. 1, Mock <i>N. g</i>. plant inoculated with ddH₂O; 2, <i>N. g</i>. plant inoculated with PVH; 3, leaf of <i>N. g</i>. plant inoculated with ddH₂O (left) and leaf of <i>N. g</i>. plant inoculated with PVH (right).</p

Suppressive activities of pvhCRP and pvhTGB1 on local RNA silencing.

<p>(A) GFP image of co-infiltrated <i>N. benthamiana</i> leaves under an UV lamp at 3 dpi and 5 dpi. (B) Standard western blotting analysis of GFP in co-infiltrated <i>N. benthamiana</i> leaves. coom, Coomassie brilliant blue-stain. (C) Symptoms in pPVX, pPVX-pvhCRP or pPVX-P0 infected <i>N. benthamiana</i> plants. The inoculated leaves (upper panels) were taken at 6 dpi. The systemically infected leaves (middle panels) and images of whole plants (lower panels) were at 12 dpi. Scale bar, 1 cm.</p

Serological relationships among different potato carlaviruses according to the western blotting analysis.

<p>The rabbit polyclonal antiserum raised against the coat protein (CP) of Potato virus H–Ho and the detection antibodies (Agdia, Indiana USA) against Potato virus M (PVM), Potato virus S (PVS), and <i>Potato latent virus</i> (PoLV) were used in the analysis. The purified PVH (PurPVH), purified pET-CP^PVH expression product (CP^PVH-his), pGEX-CP^PVM expression product (CP^PVM), pGEX-CP^PVS expression product (CP^PVS), and the lyophilized positive control for PoLV (PoLV) (Agdia, Indiana USA) were used in the tests. Crude extracts from uninfected leaves of potato and <i>Nicotiana glutinosa </i>(<i>N. g.</i>) were used as the negative controls.</p