Materi pokok sanitasi dalam penanganan pangan

Buku ini membahas tentang dasar-dasar keracunan makanan beserta penyebabnya, serta prinsip-prinsip higienitas dan sanitasi yang harus diterapkan untuk mencegah terjadinya keracunan makanan sehingga suatu produk pangan aman untuk dikonsumsi

PENGARUH RETROGRADASI DAN PERLAKUAN KELEMBABAN PANAS TERHADAP KADAR PATI RESISTEN TIPE III DALUGA

The giant swamp taro starch or daluga corm starch in this study was extracted from corms collected from Siau Island of North Sulawesi Province in Indonesia. Native starch daluga corm has low resistant starch content, so starch modifications method were needed to increase its resistant starch content. The effect of acid hydrolisis, debranching, autoclaving-cooling and heat moisture treatment on the changes of RS3 daluga were studied. The corrm starch was first modified with acid hydrolysis (HA) and debranching with pullulanase (D). The starch was then modified with one cycle autoclaving-cooling (HADAC1x), HADAC1x with heat moisture treatment (HADAC1x+HMT), three cycle autoclaving-cooling (HADAC3x), HADAC3x with heat moisture treatment (HADAC3x+HMT) which increased its RS3 content to 42.37, 40.47, 31.12, and 31.18% (db), respectively. The starch modification method can affect other chemical properties changes such as starch content, amylose content, and reducing sugar content

AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI FRAKSI-FRAKSI EKSTRAK SIRIH HIJAU (Piper betle Linn) TERHADAP PATOGEN PANGAN [Antibacterial Activity of Fractionated Green Sirih (Piper betle Linn) Extract Against Food Pathogenic Bacteria]

Fractionation of green sirih (Piper betle Linn) extract by chromatography colom using the mixture of several solvents i.e. chloroform, ethanol and acetic acid (4:1:1) resulted in 17 fractions. All fractions showed antibacterial activities but only 2 fractions (fraction 3 and fraction 4) showed the highest inhibition towards the six tested bacteria Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and Listeria monocytogenes. Among the tested bacteria, all fractions of green sirih extracts showed the most effective inhibition against, Salmonella Typhimurium with inhibition zone diameters ranging from 10 mm to 26 mm. Identification using GC-MS found that fraction 3 and fraction 4 contained chavicol; dodecanoic acid, myristic, palmitic and oleic acid.

FERMENTASI SUFU RENDAH GARAM DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN BEBERAPA KAPANG INDIGENUS DAN LACTOBACILLUS PLANTARUM KIK [Fermentation of Low Salt Sufu using Indigenous Moulds and Lactobacillus plantarum kik]

       Sufu is a traditional Chinese fermented soybean curd (tofu) resembling a soft creamy cheese-type product. It is made by fungal solid-state fermentation of tofu (called pizi) followed by aging in saturated brine solution. The aims of this study were to obtain the best indigenous mold strain for sufu fermentation and produce a low salt sufu by applying Lactobacillus plantarum kik. Four indigenous mold strains were used i.e Rhizopus oligosporus, R. oryzae, Mucor hiemalis and Actinomucor elegans during pizi fermentation. The salt concentrations used in brine fermentation varied in the range of 6% - 12%. The results showed that the fermentation time of pizi depended on the mold species. Based on the density of the mycelium  and the spores colour, pizi fermented by R. oligosporus and R. oryzae were produced after 24 hours of fermentation, while those with M. hiemalis and A. elegans were formed after 36 hours at room temperature and 55-68% relative humidity (RH). Sensory evaluation of the pizi flavor indicated that the pizi fermented by A. elegans and R. oligosporus were ranked as first and second, respectively. Sensory evaluation (Balance Incomplete Block Rating Design) on the hedonic rating of sufu revealed that fermentation in 9% brine by Lactobacillus plantarum kik produced the most preferred sufu according to the panelists. Combination of L. plantarum kik and pasteurization of sufu could maintain the quality for three weeks

FERMENTASI SUFU RENDAH GARAM DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN BEBERAPA KAPANG INDIGENUS DAN LACTOBACILLUS PLANTARUM KIK [Fermentation of Low Salt Sufu using Indigenous Moulds and Lactobacillus plantarum kik]

       Sufu is a traditional Chinese fermented soybean curd (tofu) resembling a soft creamy cheese-type product. It is made by fungal solid-state fermentation of tofu (called pizi) followed by aging in saturated brine solution. The aims of this study were to obtain the best indigenous mold strain for sufu fermentation and produce a low salt sufu by applying Lactobacillus plantarum kik. Four indigenous mold strains were used i.e Rhizopus oligosporus, R. oryzae, Mucor hiemalis and Actinomucor elegans during pizi fermentation. The salt concentrations used in brine fermentation varied in the range of 6% - 12%. The results showed that the fermentation time of pizi depended on the mold species. Based on the density of the mycelium  and the spores colour, pizi fermented by R. oligosporus and R. oryzae were produced after 24 hours of fermentation, while those with M. hiemalis and A. elegans were formed after 36 hours at room temperature and 55-68% relative humidity (RH). Sensory evaluation of the pizi flavor indicated that the pizi fermented by A. elegans and R. oligosporus were ranked as first and second, respectively. Sensory evaluation (Balance Incomplete Block Rating Design) on the hedonic rating of sufu revealed that fermentation in 9% brine by Lactobacillus plantarum kik produced the most preferred sufu according to the panelists. Combination of L. plantarum kik and pasteurization of sufu could maintain the quality for three weeks

Lactobacillus rhamnosus Reduces Blood Glucose Level through Downregulation of Gluconeogenesis Gene Expression in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats

Some lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are observed to be potential probiotics with functional properties such as lowering fasting blood glucose (FBG), as a promising hyperglycemia management. This study investigated the ability and mechanism of Lactobacillus rhamnosus BSL and Lactobacillus rhamnosus R23 on lowering FBG in diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin (STZ). The rats were orally administered with L. rhamnosus BSL and L. rhamnosus R23 by giving 1 mL cell suspension (109 CFU/mL) daily for 30 days. The body weight (BW) was recorded once in three days, and FBG was recorded once in six days. An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was measured 1 week after injection with STZ and before sacrifice. Fecal samples were collected on days 0, 15, and 30 for LAB population and identification, performed by PCR detecting 16S rRNA. Oral administration of L. rhamnosus BSL and L. rhamnosus R23 decreased FBG and improved glucose tolerance via downregulation of glucose-6-phosphatase (G6pc) expression by 0.57- and 0.60-fold change, respectively (P0.05) different among diabetic rats. Both strains were effective in increasing fecal LAB population. Molecular identification of the isolated LAB from fecal sample indicated that they were able to survive and pass through the digestive tract. These results suggested that both strains have the ability to manage blood glucose level and become a promising agent to manage hyperglycemia and diabetes

PEMURNIAN DAN KARAKTERISASI PEDIOSIN YANG DIPRODUKSI OLEH Pediococcus pentosaceus 2A2

Pediocin production by Pediococcus pentosaceus 2A2 was done in 30% molasses based medium at 37°C for 24 hours. The culture was then centrifuged to separate the cells and yield cell-free supernatant (CFS). Purification of the CFS was carried out by stepwise ammonium sulfate precipitation to achieve a 90% concentrate, followed by dialysis using membrane with a molecular weight cut off 2.0 kDa resulting in pediocin crude extract (PCE). The PCE was purified by cation exchange chromatography using SP Se-phadex C-25 and eluted with sodium acetat buffer at pH of 5.5; 6.0; 6.5; and 7.0 successively resulting in 4 fractions (F1, F2, F3, F4). Each purification step resulted in the increase in antimicrobial activity against Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 7644. The PCE had specific antimicrobial activity up to 5 fold higher than the CFS. F4 fraction, which showed the largest inhibition zone among the other fractions, had a very high specific activity up to 435 fold higher than the CFS. The SDS-PAGE analysis suggested that the molecular weight of F4 was approximately 5.9 kDa. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of F4 to inhibit 1 log (90%) of L. monocytogenes ATCC 7644 was 143 ppm. The inhibitory phenomenon observed under scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed that L. monocytogenes’s cells exposed to F4 experience morphological changes such as cells shrinkage