Interpretacija projektantskih rešenja primenom digitalne grafike

Contemporary design solutions that move the boundaries of creativity include the use of digital graphics, in order to get innovative graphical interpretation which includes interventions in space using various element, materials and plants, which requires the use of a combination of different software packages .This paper analyzes the combination of the available graphical software for interpretation projects in the context of landscape architecture profession. Model 'Garden' was created in the 'SketchUp' software for the purpose of visual questionnaire and detailed research work in programs for visualization: 'Photoshop' , 'Lumion' and '3DMax'. Combining the two research methods: study graphic interpretation, 'learning by doing' method in software for digital graphic and research public opinion questionnaire ('Single stimulus' method) led to the results which give recommendations for the use of a combination of appropriate software packages.Savremena dizajnerska rešenja koja pomeraju granice kreativnosti podrazumevaju upotrebu digitalne grafike, u svrhu dobiijanja inovativnih grafičkih interpretacija. Pejzažna arhitektura je transdisciplinarna struka, koja podrazumeva intervencije u prostoru upotrebom različitih elemenata, materijala i biljaka, što zahteva upotrebu i kombinaciju različitih softverskih paketa. Ovaj rad se bavi istraživanjem kombinacija dostupnih grafičkih softvera za interpretaciju projekata u okviru pejzažnoarhitektonske struke. Model 'Vrt' je izrađen u 'SketchUp' softveru za potrebe izrade vizuelnog upitnika kao i detaljnijeg istraživanja rada u programima za vizuelizaciju: 'Photoshop', 'Lumion' i '3DMax'. Kombinacijom dve istraživačke metode: istraživanjem grafičke interpretacije, učenjem kroz rad ('Learning by doing') u softverima za digitalnu grafiku i istraživanjem mišljenja javnog mnjenja upitnikom ('Single stimulans' metodom) došlo se do rezultata koji daju preporuke za upotrebu kombinacije adekvatnih softverskih paketa

Razvoj lokalnih kapaciteta za sudjelovanje u upravljanju zaštićenim područjem Nacionalnog parka Tara

In this study the focus is on the role of local communities in the management of protected areas with the expectation that without the coo peration and assistance of local communities achieving biodiversity conser vation in places where the land and resources are fundamental to supporting people’s livelihoods will be less successful than if the local people actively support this goal. Management capacity in protected areas depends upon the system of go vernance, the level of resources and local community support. The key que stion of interest at the global level are whether the responsible authorities have the capacity to manage their protected areas effectively, and whether de sired outcomes are achieved on the ground. Measuring these dimensions is contextual; what is effective in one country or locale may be inappropriate in another. Thus, assessing management capacity is context specific. The potential declaration of Tara National Park located in Serbia as a Biosphere Reserve necessitated research to characterize the institutional con text, the social and demographic situation of the communities within the Park boundaries. There is a growing recognition that the sustainable management of protected areas ultimately depends on the cooperation and support of the local people. In order to achieve sustainable conservation, state legislators and environmental planners should involve local people in the management of protected areas and need to identify and promote social processes that enable local communities to conserve and enhance biodiversity as a part of their live lihood system. Drawing upon research in Tara National Park, this paper analyzes the po tential capacity of people living within Tara National Park to effectively parti cipate in the management of the protected area by incorporating activities that promote biodiversity within their everyday livelihood strategies. The re sults demonstrate that sustaining or providing alternative livelihood strate gies is necessary in order to halt the exploitation of protected areas by local people striving to survive.Ovdje predstavljeno istraživanje usmjereno je na ulogu lokalne zajednice u upravljanju zaštićenim područjima, s osnovnom pretpostavkom da će bez suradnje i sudjelovanja lokalne zajednice u očuvanju biološke raznoliko sti na području gdje su zemlja i resursi temeljni oslonci za život ljudi, biti manje uspješno ako lokalno stanovništvo aktivno ne podupire zadane ciljeve očuvanja. Upravljački kapaciteti zaštićenih područja ovise o općem sustavu uprav ljanja, stanju samog resursa i podršci lokalne zajednice. Stoga se postavlja ključno pitanje od općeg interesa: imaju li odgovorne strukture kapaciteta za učinkovito upravljanje zaštićenim područjima, te da li se željeni rezultati po stižu na terenu. Mjerenje navedenih dimenzija upravljanja kontekstualnog je karaktera, jer ono što je učinkovito u jednoj zemlji ili lokalno, može biti sa svim neprihvatljivo u drugoj. Zbog toga se procjena upravljačkih kapaciteta po svome karakteru smatra kontekstualnom, odnosno bavi se prvo objašnja vanjem odnosa, a onda institucionalnih i strukturnih okvira. Prijedlog proglašenja Nacionalnog parka Tara Rezervatom Biosfere uka zao je na važnost istraživanja koje bi opisalo institucionalni okvir, socio-de mografsku situaciju u naseljima unutar granica Parka. Jasno je raspoznata ovisnost potrajnog gospodarenja zaštićenim prostorima o podršci lokalnog stanovništva. U cilju postizanja očuvanja biološke raznolikosti nacionalni za konodavac i okolišni planeri trebaju uključiti lokalno stanovništvo u upravlja nje zaštićenim prostorima, te utvrditi i razvijati socijalne procese kako bi omogućili lokalnim zajednicama očuvanje i unapređenje biološke raznolikosti kao dio njihovog životnog okruženja. Metoda istraživanja je kvalitativna, što proizlazi iz prirode prikupljenih po dataka i primijenjenih metoda analize i interpretacije. Primijenjena je studija slučaja (Case study) u sklopu koje su podaci prikupljeni tijekom 2004. godine, kada su obavljena 102 intervijua s lokalnim stanovništvom. Istraživanjem su obuhvaćena dva sela smještena na području Nacionalnog parka Tara: Rastište (67 intervjua) i Jagoštica (37). Oba sela su zbog slabe razvijenosti mreže puto ­va prometno izolirana, te stoga izrazito ovisna o lokalnim prirodnim resursima kao i gospodarskim i upravljačkim aktivnostima samoga Parka. Intervjui s lo­kalnim stanovništvom obuhvaćali su: demografske informacije o kućanstvu; stavove prema životu na selu; percepciju prirode i krajobraza; odnos sa Upra vom Parka; i pitanja vezana uz strategije kućanstva kroz povijest, sadašnje i njihova očekivanja za budućnost (Tomićević 2005). Sama pitanja bila su otvo rena, s ponuđenim odgovorima te mogućnošću davanja više odgovora. Svi in tervjui obavljeni su u samim kućanstvima, što je omogućavalo ispitanicima da i primjerom objasne kako žive i rade te na koje načine utječu na krajobraz. Tako đer su mogli lako objasniti kako institucionalne promjene utječu na njihovu volju za suradnjom s Upravom Parka, kao i njihova očekivanja u budućnosti. Intervjui su u potpunosti prepisani, što je omogućilo njihovu obradu i analizu korištenjem SPSS (Statističkog probrama za socijalna istraživanja) programa. Dodatno su obavljeni i problemski orijentirani intervjui sa stručnjacima i donositeljima odluka u Parku, nadležnim institucijama i znanstvenim organi za cijama (obavljeno je 5 intervjua) kako bi se dobio uvid u način sagledavanja problema s razine donositelja odluka. To znači da ispitanici nisu predstavljali sebe kao osobu, već su pružali stručno mišljenje u svom institucionalnom i/ili organizacijskom kontekstu (Meuser i Nagel 1991). Korištena pitanja bila su otvorena i polu strukturirana, koncentrirajući se na ključne probleme vezane uz sudjelovanje lokalnog stanovništva u upravaljanju Parkom, uključujući konflikte između lokalnog stanovništva i korištenja prirodnih resursa. Prikup ljena su i razmišljanja stručnjaka o budućnosti Parka. Svi prikupljeni podaci uneseni su u bazu te analizirani korištenjem SPSS programa, posebno namijenjenom za analizu kvalitativnih podataka. Tijekom analize i interpretacije dobivenih rezultata korištena je metoda triangulacije (unakrsnog potvrđivanja) gdje se jedna grupa podataka analizira u odnosu na drugu grupu, čime se omogućava razumijevanje prošlih, postojećih i budućih postupaka. Ova metoda posebno se pokazala korisnom u razumijevanju strate gija primijenjenih u lokalnim kućanstvima. Također je analizom drugih priku pljenih dokumenata i pravnih akata, dobiven uvid u odnose između lokalnog stanovništva i uprave Parka te karakteristike šireg zemljopisnog i instituciona lnog okruženja koje utječu na kapacitete zaštite prirode unutar Nacionalnog parka Tara. Ovim istraživanjem analizirani su mogućnosti razvoja kapaciteta stano vništva, koje živi u granicama samog Parka, te učinkovitog sudjelovanja u upravljanju zaštićenim područjem, kroz uključivanje u aktivnosti unapređenja biološke raznolikosti u svoje svakodnevne životne odluke. Polučeni rezultati ukazuju na neophodnost očuvanja i osiguravanja alternativnih životnih stra te gija, s ciljem zaustavljanja iskorištavanja zaštićenih područja od strane lo kalnog stanovništva, koje se istovremeno bori za očuvanje i unapređenje vla stitih životnih uvjeta. Analiza stručnih intervjua ukazala je na nedostatak općih strateških doku menata, koji bi regulirali zaštitu biološke raznolikosti i upravljanje zaštićenim prostorima u Srbiji, posebice onim od međunarodnog značenja

Interpretacija projektantskih rešenja primenom digitalne grafike

Contemporary design solutions that move the boundaries of creativity include the use of digital graphics, in order to get innovative graphical interpretation which includes interventions in space using various element, materials and plants, which requires the use of a combination of different software packages .This paper analyzes the combination of the available graphical software for interpretation projects in the context of landscape architecture profession. Model 'Garden' was created in the 'SketchUp' software for the purpose of visual questionnaire and detailed research work in programs for visualization: 'Photoshop' , 'Lumion' and '3DMax'. Combining the two research methods: study graphic interpretation, 'learning by doing' method in software for digital graphic and research public opinion questionnaire ('Single stimulus' method) led to the results which give recommendations for the use of a combination of appropriate software packages.Savremena dizajnerska rešenja koja pomeraju granice kreativnosti podrazumevaju upotrebu digitalne grafike, u svrhu dobiijanja inovativnih grafičkih interpretacija. Pejzažna arhitektura je transdisciplinarna struka, koja podrazumeva intervencije u prostoru upotrebom različitih elemenata, materijala i biljaka, što zahteva upotrebu i kombinaciju različitih softverskih paketa. Ovaj rad se bavi istraživanjem kombinacija dostupnih grafičkih softvera za interpretaciju projekata u okviru pejzažnoarhitektonske struke. Model 'Vrt' je izrađen u 'SketchUp' softveru za potrebe izrade vizuelnog upitnika kao i detaljnijeg istraživanja rada u programima za vizuelizaciju: 'Photoshop', 'Lumion' i '3DMax'. Kombinacijom dve istraživačke metode: istraživanjem grafičke interpretacije, učenjem kroz rad ('Learning by doing') u softverima za digitalnu grafiku i istraživanjem mišljenja javnog mnjenja upitnikom ('Single stimulans' metodom) došlo se do rezultata koji daju preporuke za upotrebu kombinacije adekvatnih softverskih paketa

Mehanizmi financiranja sustava upravljanja zaštićenim područjima u Srbiji

The financing of protected area (PA) management includes the interaction of different actors that are involved in the process of management and financing, i.e., from the management framework to the mechanisms of financing. The management framework sets the basic preconditions for PA management, while the mechanisms of financing represent the ways of financing PAs based on the long-term and sustainable conditions. The management of PAs in Serbia has mostly been done by public enterprises (PE). It was given to non-governmental organizations (NGO) for the first time in the late 1990s. Today, the management is carried out by different managers from the public sector (PS) to the private sector (PrS). This research deals with different financing mechanisms present in PAs in Serbia. Additionally, it deals with the differences in the financing between different management actors (MA) in order to establish the best financing practices in the PA management system in Serbia. The results indicate that public enterprise “Srbijašume” (PES) has the lowest average number of financial sources, unlike public enterprise “Vojvodinašume” (PEV). Regarding the average amount of financing, other managers from the public sector (OPS) have the largest amount of financing, while other public enterprises (OPE) record the smallest amount of their own financing. In order to improve the use of mechanisms for the PA management system financing, additional training for the use of funds is proposed at national and international level, as well as external, i.e., additional engagement of agencies that would prepare projects at international level. It is also proposed to establish a specific mechanism – a fund intended for nature protection.Financiranje upravljanja zaštićenim područjima (ZP) uključuje interakciju različitih dionika koji su uključeni u proces upravljanja i financiranja, tj. od okvira upravljanja do mehanizama financiranja. Upravljački okvir postavlja osnovne preduvjete za upravljanje ZP, dok mehanizmi financiranja predstavljaju načine financiranja ZP na temelju dugoročnih i održivih uvjeta. Upravljanje ZP može se delegirati organizaciji, pojedincu ili zajednici, koja funkcionira u skladu s nizom zakona, pravila i / ili tradicijom. Isto tako, upravitelji ZP mogu se podijeliti na temelju toga tko donosi odluke i može se smatrati odgovornim. Jedna od važnih komponenti upravljanja ZP predstavlja održivo financiranje, što predstavlja temelj za ostvarivanje zaštite prirode. Održivo financiranje definira se kao sposobnost pružanja dovoljnih, stabilnih i dugoročnih financijskih izvora. Upravljanje ZP u Srbiji uglavnom provode javna poduzeća, dok je krajem devedesetih godina u Srbiji upravljanje ZP po prvi put dodijeljeno nevladinim organizacijama. Danas upravljanje provode različiti upravitelji iz javnog sektora i privatnog sektora. Planirano povećanje ZP u Srbiji uključuje skoro dvostruko veću površinu od sadašnje pokrivenosti i ta će činjenica stvoriti dodatnu obavezu za postojeće i nove upravitelje u budućem razdoblju, jer je održivo upravljanje ZP postalo izazov, kako sa upravljačkog, tako i sa financijskog gledišta. Ovo istraživanje bavi se različitim mehanizmima financiranja koji su prisutni u ZP u Srbiji. Također, bavi se razlikama u financiranju između različitih grupa upravitelja, kako bi se uspostavile najbolje prakse financiranja u sustavu upravljanja ZP u Srbiji. U fazi prikupljanja podataka korištena je anketa od vrata do vrata. Istraživanje se provodilo u dvije faze. U prvoj fazi, populacija za istraživanje definirana je na temelju registra ZP, od čega su izdvojena 63 ZP. U drugoj fazi, uzorak za istraživanje definiran je na temelju primjera „dobre prakse“ upravitelja ZP i predstavnika javne uprave i službi, kao i organizacija u sustavu upravljanja ZP. Za obradu podataka korištena je deskriptivna statistika, frekvencijska analiza, Kruskal-Wallis-ov test i Mann-Whitney-jev U test. Kruskal-Wallis-ov test korišten je za određivanje razlika između svih grupa upravitelja, dok je Mann-Whitney-jev U test korišten za određivanje razlika između pojedinih grupa upravitelja. Rezultati pokazuju da javno poduzeće “Srbijašume” ima najmanji prosječan broj izvora financiranja, za razliku od javnog poduzeća “Vojvodinašume” (tablica 1). Što se tiče prosječnih iznosa financiranja, najveći dio financiranja imaju ostali upravitelji iz javnog sektora, dok ostala javna poduzeća bilježe najmanji iznos vlastitog financiranja (tablica 2). Na temelju rezultata prve faze istraživanja predloženi su elementi unaprjeđenja sustava upravljanja ZP za mehanizme financiranja (tablica 3). Predstavnici upravitelja ZP, javne uprave i službi, kao i organizacija, smatraju da politička volja donositelja odluka, kao i nepostojanje razumijevanja države za potrebe financiranja ZP, ima velik utjecaj na unaprjeđenje postojećih mehanizama financiranja. Također, predstavnici sve tri skupine vjeruju da lokalne vlasti nisu ni uključene u financiranje ZP-a i da postoji nedovoljna zainteresiranost drugih institucija. Kao problem u unaprjeđenju korištenja domaćih i međunarodnih izvora financiranja, predstavnici upravitelja ZP vide potrebu za dodatnim istraživanjima i problemom nedovoljne izobrazbe upravitelja, za podnošenje projektnih ideja, koje su vezane uz nedovoljnu informatičku pismenost

Social and Policy Aspects of Climate Change Adaptation in Urban Forests of Belgrade

Background and Purpose: Climate change has an impact on economic and natural systems as well as human health. These impacts are particularly visible in urbanised areas. Urban forests, which are one of the main natural features of the cities, are threatened by climate change. Generally, the role of forests in combating climate change is widely recognised and its significance is recognised also in urban areas. However, appropriate responses to climate change are usually lacking in their management. Climate change adaptation in relation to urban forests has been studied less often in comparison to climate change mitigation. Adaptive capacity of forests to climate change consists of adaptive capacity of forests as an ecological system and adaptive capacity of related socio-economic factors. The latter determines the capacity of a system and its actors to implement planned actions. This paper studies social and policy aspects of adaptation processes in urban forests of Belgrade. Materials and Methods: For the purpose of this study content analysis of urban forest policy and management documents was applied. Furthermore, in-depth interviews with urban forest managers and Q-methodology surveys with urban forestry stakeholders were conducted. Triangulation of these data is used to assure validity of results. Results: The results show weak integration of climate change issues in urban forest policy and management documents, as well as weak responses by managers. A comprehensive and systematic approach to this challenge does not exist. Three perspectives towards climate change are distinguished: (I) ‘sceptics’ - do not perceive climate change as a challenge, (II) ‘general-awareness perspective’ - aware of climate change issues but without concrete concerns toward urban forests, (III) ‘management-oriented perspective’ - highlights specific challenges related to urban forest management. Awareness of urban forest managers and stakeholders towards climate change adaptation is characterized by assumptions and uncertainties, which are the result of poor knowledge, lack of data of local impacts and weak communication. Conclusions: The results indicate the need for building urban forestry institutional and human capacities for creating effective climate change adaptation responses, which will lead to better understanding of challenges posed by climate change and ability to make the trade-offs between possible decisions

Collective urban gardens: Exploring the concept of participatory governance

Collective urban gardens have attracted the attention of scholars, local organizations, the non-governmental sector, and policymakers as they seem to provide a valuable ground for meeting the interests and needs of different urban actors. As part of green infrastructure, they demonstrate a challenge for open green space governance and management. This study focuses on the concept of participatory governance and explores top-down and bottom-up initiatives of collective urban gardening in three European cities: Malmo, Zagreb, and Belgrade. The objectives of the research are to describe and analyze the organization and governance models of collective urban gardens using the governance arrangements approach and identify the main success factors that support long-term, sustainable organization and governance. The study is based on a qualitative research approach, including document analysis and semi-structured interviews with local government representatives, NGOs, and users. The results suggest that there is no single successful model of organization and governance of collective gardens - each location requires an understanding of the context and local conditions, as well as the users’ needs. Still, some factors can be identified as relevant for long-term sustainable governance. Having the support of city or municipal institutions in setting legal and planning parameters and supplying resources such as land and education is a significant contributor to achieving success. Another relevant aspect is the readiness of local governments to cede some of their authority in managing green areas and transfer it to an organization or group of users. A transparent and open participatory process, based on the trust and equality of actors, is needed for sound cooperation between different stakeholders involved in governance. Any support that comes from outside the community, including support from the city or municipal government, must be on a partnership basis. Institutional support is particularly relevant for scaling up local initiatives and integrating collective urban gardens into the system of green areas at the city level

Ecological Evaluation of the Sustainability of City Forests

The Košutnjak forest in the city of Belgrade, Serbia, with an area of 259 ha, provides ecological and social benefits to its inhabitants, but its composition has changed in the last 20 years: forest areas have decreased, people have become irresponsible towards the forest and forest soil, and forest degradation is evident. The question is whether the forest has the potential to regenerate and survive. The horizontal assessment of attributes was carried out using data from the official forest database of the administrative unit “Košutnjak (2007–2016)”, which, in conjunction with the basic forest, defines indicators of change, stability, and self-renewal, which assume sustainability and can be a useful tool for sustainable forest management. The attributes and indicators are processed on a three-level alphanumeric scale in Microsoft Excel, and the data collected and analyzed are mapped using ArcGis 9.3. The ability of forests to survive without human intervention was evaluated using the EEFS method of ecological assessment of forest sustainability, which was used for the first time in this study. The results showed that forest change was significant, stability was medium, and self-renewal was low on most sections, so forest sustainability was rated as unlikely. The EEFS method used provided results that can form the basis for a forest management strategy in the city and a platform for the long-term monitoring of forest condition

Public attitude in the city of Belgrade towards invasive alien plant species

Biological invasions are seen as a major threat to biodiversity at a global level, while the number of new invasions is increasing at an alarming rate. Raising the awareness of the public, academic world and policy makers about the dangers caused by invasive species, is essential for the creation of the support needed to implement and coordinate the policies necessary to address this problem. The aim of this study is to determine the level of local public awareness of the existence of these plant species, examine the public attitude towards alien invasive plant species and willingness to get involved in the prevention of their spreading. The survey was conducted in four nurseries on the territory of the City of Belgrade and the investigation dealt only with alien invasive woody plant species. Thirty customers were questioned in each of the four nurseries. The results show that local public is uninformed on the issue of invasive plant species. It is necessary to constantly and intensively raise their awareness of this issue, as well as the awareness of harmful consequences that may occur due to the uncontrolled spreading of alien invasive species. This refers not only to the population that visits the nurseries and buys the plants there and to those employed in plant production and selling, but also to the whole local public and decision makers