Mapping knowledge and comprehension of antimicrobial stewardship and biosecurity among veterinary students.

ObjectivesAs an important public health concern, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is related to lack of knowledge among healthcare professionals. Since the Global Action Plan on AMR highlights the importance of training all healthcare professionals, it is essential to focus our attention on the education related to judicious antimicrobial use. The current study was the first attempt in southeastern Europe to quantify the knowledge about antimicrobial usage and biosecurity measure among veterinary students.MethodsThis questionnaire-based study was performed between April and May of 2019 on 213 veterinary students of the University of Novi Sad, Serbia and the University of Zagreb, Croatia.ResultsVeterinary students appeared to be little aware of antimicrobial use in veterinary medicine contribution to overall AMR since only 56.8% have chosen strong contribution as the answer. Of the students surveyed, only 22.1%/35.7% of them strongly agreed/agreed that the amount of teaching time for pharmacology was about right. Students who denied having good knowledge of the pharmacology of antimicrobials showed higher knowledge about systemic use of antimicrobials in different clinical scenarios (p = 0.002). High importance of some antimicrobials for human medicine was not recognized by surveyed students. Only 8.5% of them identified gentamicin correctly, as first-line therapy. Students expected to graduate later were more likely to identify the importance of rating antimicrobials correctly than those who thought they would graduate earlier (p = 0.002). More than half of students gave correct answer at scenario regarding a dog with recurrent pyoderma by choosing culture and susceptibility (C & S) testing. Our students who think they will graduate sooner have higher knowledge level on C & S testing sample submission for range of clinical scenarios (p = 0.004). Moreover, appropriate use of PPE (personal protective equipment) procedure and biosecurity measure were reported for two thirds of our students in case of only for two clinical scenarios.ConclusionThis study reveals that among veterinary students from Croatia and Serbia improved undergraduate education is needed on the AMR with emphasis on antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) and appropriate biosecurity

Heparin rats.

<p>Tail amputation, bleeding time, amount of bleeding, PLT, HCT, PT, APTT, TT, FIB values in heparin (10 mg/kg intravenously) challenged rats (10 rats at least per group) when treated with BPC 157 (10 μg/kg, 10 ng/kg), L-NAME (5 mg/kg), L-arginine (100 mg/kg) alone or combined, intravenously, immediately after intravenous heparin while controls received simultaneously an equivolume of saline (0.5 ml/kg intravenously). Mean ± SD,</p><p>*P<0.05 at least vs. control.</p><p>Heparin rats.</p

The blood samples assessment, laboratory methods used in the study.

<p>The blood samples assessment, laboratory methods used in the study.</p

Hematocrit-corrected platelet counts (X) before, and after bleeding period.

<p>Hematocrit-corrected platelet counts (X) before, and after bleeding period: (a) in normal rats, BPC 157 (10 μg/kg, 10 ng/kg), L-NAME (5 mg/kg), L-arginine (100 mg/kg) given alone and/or together,applied intraperitoneally, at 30 minutes before amputation while controls received simultaneously an equivolume of saline (5ml/kg intraperitoneally); (b) in heparin (10 mg/kg intravenously) challenged rats when treated with BPC 157 (10 μg/kg, 10 ng/kg), L-NAME (5 mg/kg), L-arginine (100 mg/kg) alone or combined, intravenously, immediately after intravenous heparin while controls received simultaneously an equivolume of saline (0.5 ml/kg intravenously); (c) in warfarin rats (warfarin given intragastrically (1.5 mg/kg) once daily for 3 consecutive days, with the last challenge was at 3 hours before the bleeding procedure). BPC 157 (10 μg/kg, 10 ng/kg) was given immediately after any warfarin challenge, intragastrically while controls received simultaneously an equivolume of saline (5.0 ml/kg intragastrically). We applied L-NAME (5 mg/kg), L-arginine (100 mg/kg) alone or combined, intraperitoneally, at 30 minutes before amputation. Mean ± SD, *P<0.05 at least vs. control, 10 rats at least per group.</p