Principal components and their variances for the total sample and two subsamples.

<p>Principal components and their variances for the total sample and two subsamples.</p

The effects of the first five unscaled principal components on the face.

<p>The average faces shown correspond to mean PC score and mean PC score ± 3 standard deviations. The averaging was performed for the faces with PC score within ‘mean ± 0.5 SD’ as well as ‘< mean −2.5 SD’ and ‘> mean + 2.5 SD’, respectively.</p

Genetic and environmental contributions to thirty most heritable facial linear distances.

<p>Genetic and environmental contributions to thirty most heritable facial linear distances.</p

Genetic and environmental contributions to facial principal components.

<p>Genetic and environmental contributions to facial principal components.</p

Approximate description of facial principal components.

<p>Approximate description of facial principal components.</p

Definitions of anthropometric landmarks identified on 3D facial images.

<p>Definitions of anthropometric landmarks identified on 3D facial images.</p

The effect of 48 h fasting on the <i>Fto</i> intracellular localisation in CORTEX and HPC.

<p>Representative confocal images of sections from CORTEX and ARC of control (n = 3) and 48 h fasted (n = 3) rats. Sections were probed for <i>Fto</i> protein (green) and Neuronal Nuclear protein (NeuN, red). h fasted (n = 3) rats. Sections were probed for <i>Fto</i> protein (green) and Neuronal Nuclear protein (NeuN, red). Cytoplasmic Fto-immunoreactivity was not observed in CORTEX and HPC neurons of either fasted or control rats. (HPC; hippocampus).</p

Hypothalamic <i>Fto</i> mRNA and protein levels were elevated after 48 hours of fasting.

<p>(A) RT-qPCR quantification of <i>Fto</i> transcript levels in the hypothalamus from control (n = 6) and fasted (n = 6) rats. <i>Fto</i> mRNA expression was significantly upregulated in the hypothalamus after 48 hours of fasting: ***p<0.001. Data represent means ± SEM. (B) Relative levels of <i>Fto</i> protein, normalised to β-actin, in the hypothalamus from control (n = 6) and fasted (n = 6) rats. <i>Fto</i> protein level was significantly increased in fasted rats in comparison to the controls: ***p<0.001. Data represents means ± SEM. (C) Representative Western blot of total proteins from control and fasted rat hypothalami probed for <i>Fto</i> (β-actin, loading control).</p

The effect of various fasting periods on relative expression of <i>Comt</i> mRNA, <i>Fto</i> mRNA and <i>Mao</i>-<i>A</i> mRNA in the hypothalamus.

<p>Gray areas indicate dark periods and white areas indicate light periods. Data shown are means ± S.E.M. Unlike <i>Mao-A</i> whose relative expression was downregulated by fasting throughout the examined period (6 h to 48 h)(⁺⁺p<0.001), both <i>Fto</i> mRNA and <i>Comt</i> mRNA were upregulated in the identical time-dependent manner (⁺p<0.001, ⁺⁺⁺p<0.001). (COMT; Catechol-O-methyltransferase, MAO-A; monoamine oxidse A).</p

The effect of 48 h fasting on the <i>Fto</i> intracellular localisation in LHA, PVN, MVN and ARC neurons.

<p>Representative confocal images of sections from LHA, PVN, MVN and ARC of control (n = 3) and 48 h fasted (n = 3) rats. Sections were probed for <i>Fto</i> protein (green) and Neuronal Nuclear protein (NeuN, red). Cytoplasmic <i>Fto</i> localization was observed in some LHA, PVN and MVN neurons (marked whith white arrows), but not in ARC neurons of fasted rats. Cytoplasmic <i>Fto</i>-immunoreactivity was not observed in any of the examined hypothalamic regions in control rats.(LHA; lateral hypothalamic area, PVN; paraventricular nucleus, MVN; medioventral nucleus, ARC; arcuate nucleus).</p