SHORT-RUN AND LONG-RUN EFFECTS OF CURRENCY DEPRECIATION ON THE BILATERAL TRADE BALANCE BETWEEN PAKISTAN AND HER MAJOR TRADING PARTNERS

Previous studies that investigated the short-run (J-curve) and the long-run effects of currency depreciation on the trade balance of Pakistan used aggregate trade data between Pakistan and the rest of the world and provided no evidence of any significant impact. We wonder whether lack of the relation is due to aggregation bias. In this paper, therefore, we go one step further by employing disaggregated data at bilateral level between Pakistan and her 13 major trading partners to determine if we can discover partners whose trade balances react to changes in the real bilateral exchange rate. The results from bounds testing approach are still inconclusive and show that only in half of the cases the real bilateral exchange rate plays a role.Bilateral J-Curve, Bounds Testing, Cointegration, Pakistan

Examination For Independent Predictors Of Seasonality Of Birth Across Forty-Nine Low- And Middle-Income Countries: Analyses Of The United States Agency For International Development Demographic And Health Survey Data

Although seasonal patterns in the distribution of live births have been well described across distinct populations for centuries, little is known about determinants of birth seasonality, particularly among low- and middle-income countries. Knowledge of determinants of birth seasonality may assist in the timely implementation and distribution of maternal and child health resources that may morbidity and mortality. In this study we examined for maternal and household sociodemographic determinants of birth seasonality in a sample of 3,260,238 live births across 49 nations that are included in the United States Agency for International Development Demographic and Health Survey Program. Our findings demonstrate that birth seasonality is independently associated with maternal and household sociodemographic characteristics including maternal age at birth, maternal body mass index, maternal education, and household wealth. Additionally, we demonstrate that temperature at time of conception is an independent predictor of birth seasonality. We also document trends in the directionality and magnitude of independent predictors of birth seasonality between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres as well as across maternal religious affiliations. The knowledge of seasonal trends in births along with its sociodemographic predictors offers meaningful insights that can be directed towards public health resources that have the potential to improve maternal and child health outcomes and more targeted public health campaigns in low- and middle-income countries

Some General Guidelines for Choosing Missing Data Handling Methods in Educational Research

The effect of a number of factors, such as the choice of analytical method, the handling method for missing data, sample size, and proportion of missing data, were examined to evaluate the effect of missing data treatment on accuracy of estimation. A methodological approach involving simulated data was adopted. One outcome of the statistical analyses undertaken in this study is the formulation of easy-to-implement guidelines for educational researchers that allows one to choose one of the following factors when all others are given: sample size, proportion of missing data in the sample, method of analysis, and missing data handling method

The Availability of Social Support or Services for Mothers Following Birth

The purpose of this study was to inquire about a mother\u27s perspective on their experiences regarding the availability of social support or services received shortly after delivering their child. Instant changes in mood swings, loss of sleep, burdensome feelings and foremost the occurrence of depressive symptoms are some of the challenges a mother faces in the postpartum period. Using a qualitative research method, the principal investigator interviewed five mothers in the Region of Peel that had given birth in the past year to gain an understanding of their recent experiences. One-on-one interviews were carried out so that mothers could share their insights in a comfortable and supportive environment. The interview protocol answers the research question, what are mother\u27s perspectives on the availability of social support/services they received after the birth of their child? . Five themes emerged from the findings of the study: difficulties in pregnancy, personal support vs public support, security and positivity, online assistance or networking, and importance of partner role. Findings from this study advise that personal vs public support and security and positivity hold a greater significance to all mothers. It also emphasizes the difficulties faced in pregnancy such as body awareness and health complications.https://source.sheridancollege.ca/fahcs_student_capstones_hbecl/1008/thumbnail.jp

Training and Development Program and its Benefits to Employee and Organization: A Conceptual Study

The purpose of this paper is to present a conceptual study established on the employee training and development program and its benefits. This paper will inspect the structure and elements of employee training and development program and later the study present what are the positive outcomes for employees and organizations. Organizations find it difficult to stay competitive in recent global economy. Importance of employee development program is growing for the organizations those pursuing to receive an advantage among competitors. Employees are esteemed resource of the organization and success or failure of the organization relay on the performance of employees. Therefore, organizations are financing large amount on employee training and development programs. Furthermore, in training program it is supportive for companies to emphasis on knowledge, expertise and ability of employees. There is substantial discussion among professionals and researchers on the affect that development program has on both employee and organization. The study described here is a vigilant assessment of literature on fundamental of employee development program and its benefits to organizations and employees. Keywords: Training design, training component, training benefit

Genetic behavior for kernal yield and its physio-agronomic attributes in maize at normal and high temperature regimes

Cell membrane thermostability and seedling plant biomass were used to select suitable parents for hybridization against high temperature stress from 77 inbred lines. Six diverse parents with respect to high temperature stress tolerance viz; two high temperature tolerant (935006, R2205-5-4), two moderately tolerant (F-165-2-4, F101-7-2-6) and two high temperature susceptible maize inbred lines (F113-1-1-1 and R2304-2) were selected and crossed in a full diallel fashion to evaluate inheritance pattern of physio-agronomic traits. Data regarding physiological traits viz., osmotic potential, transpiration rate, growing degree days (GDDs) to 50% tasseling and agronomic traits viz; number of kernels plant-1 and kernels yield plant-1recorded were at normal and high temperature stress regimes. Analysis of variance revealed highly significant variation (P < 0.01) for all the traits studied except osmotic potential at normal temperature regime which was significant at P < 0.05. Transpiration rate, growing degree days to 50% tasseling, number of kernels plant-1 and kernel yield plant-1 showed partial fitness of the data either at normal or higher temperature regime while osmotic potential showed partial fitness of the data by regression analysis in both temperature regimes. Genetic components of variance and Wr/Vr graph for traits studied depicted preponderance of over dominant gene action except osmotic potential at normal temperature regime which reflected additive gene control at normal temperature regime. High temperature stress modified gene expression in most of polygenic traits