Second primary cancer risk - the impact of applying different definitions of multiple primaries: results from a retrospective population-based cancer registry study

Background: There is evidence that cancer survivors are at increased risk of second primary cancers. Changes in the prevalence of risk factors and diagnostic techniques may have affected more recent risks.<p></p> Methods: We examined the incidence of second primary cancer among adults in the West of Scotland, UK, diagnosed with cancer between 2000 and 2004 (n = 57,393). We used National Cancer Institute Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results and International Agency for Research on Cancer definitions of multiple primary cancers and estimated indirectly standardised incidence ratios (SIR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI).<p></p> Results: There was a high incidence of cancer during the first 60 days following diagnosis (SIR = 2.36, 95% CI = 2.12 to 2.63). When this period was excluded the risk was not raised, but it was high for some patient groups; in particular women aged <50 years with breast cancer (SIR = 2.13, 95% CI = 1.58 to 2.78), patients with bladder (SIR = 1.41, 95% CI = 1.19 to 1.67) and head & neck (SIR = 1.93, 95% CI = 1.67 to 2.21) cancer. Head & neck cancer patients had increased risks of lung cancer (SIR = 3.75, 95% CI = 3.01 to 4.62), oesophageal (SIR = 4.62, 95% CI = 2.73 to 7.29) and other head & neck tumours (SIR = 6.10, 95% CI = 4.17 to 8.61). Patients with bladder cancer had raised risks of lung (SIR = 2.18, 95% CI = 1.62 to 2.88) and prostate (SIR = 2.41, 95% CI = 1.72 to 3.30) cancer.<p></p> Conclusions: Relative risks of second primary cancers may be smaller than previously reported. Premenopausal women with breast cancer and patients with malignant melanomas, bladder and head & neck cancers may benefit from increased surveillance and advice to avoid known risk factors

CRISPR-assisted detection of RNA-protein interactions in living cells.

We have developed CRISPR-assisted RNA-protein interaction detection method (CARPID), which leverages CRISPR-CasRx-based RNA targeting and proximity labeling to identify binding proteins of specific long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the native cellular context. We applied CARPID to the nuclear lncRNA XIST, and it captured a list of known interacting proteins and multiple previously uncharacterized binding proteins. We generalized CARPID to explore binders of the lncRNAs DANCR and MALAT1, revealing the method's wide applicability in identifying RNA-binding proteins

A panel of kallikrein markers can predict outcome of prostate biopsy following clinical work-up: an independent validation study from the European Randomized Study of Prostate Cancer screening, France

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>We have previously shown that a panel of kallikrein markers - total prostate-specific antigen (PSA), free PSA, intact PSA and human kallikrein-related peptidase 2 (hK2) - can predict the outcome of prostate biopsy in men with elevated PSA. Here we investigate the properties of our panel in men subject to clinical work-up before biopsy.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We applied a previously published predictive model based on the kallikrein panel to 262 men undergoing prostate biopsy following an elevated PSA (≥ 3 ng/ml) and further clinical work-up during the European Randomized Study of Prostate Cancer screening, France. The predictive accuracy of the model was compared to a "base" model of PSA, age and digital rectal exam (DRE).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>83 (32%) men had prostate cancer on biopsy of whom 45 (54%) had high grade disease (Gleason score 7 or higher). Our model had significantly higher accuracy than the base model in predicting cancer (area-under-the-curve [AUC] improved from 0.63 to 0.78) or high-grade cancer (AUC increased from 0.77 to 0.87). Using a decision rule to biopsy those with a 20% or higher risk of cancer from the model would reduce the number of biopsies by nearly half. For every 1000 men with elevated PSA and clinical indication for biopsy, the model would recommend against biopsy in 61 men with cancer, the majority (≈80%) of whom would have low stage <it>and </it>low grade disease at diagnosis.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>In this independent validation study, the model was highly predictive of prostate cancer in men for whom the decision to biopsy is based on both elevated PSA and clinical work-up. Use of this model would reduce a large number of biopsies while missing few cancers.</p

Taxinomie des Serrasalminae phytophages et phylogénie des Serrasalminae (Teleostei : Characiformes : Characidae)

A revision of the type species of Myleus Müller & Troschel is followed by a complementary description based on recent material. A checklist of the valid species of Serrasalminae, published at the end of the work of taxonomy, is revised according to the assumption of the phylogenetic relations described further. A matrix of changing of 278 characters is assembled using the extra-group comparison criterion. The new analysis confirms the monophyly of Serrasalminae. The stem group of Serrasalminae puts together Piaractus and Colossoma, on one side, and Mylossoma on the other side. The crown-group of Serrasalminae forms a symmetrical clade very well supported. This clade is compound by two branches also also well supported. The first one, which joins together Metynnis, Catoprion and the piranhas, is a pectinate clade. Its composition fits to the "B" branch of Machado-Allison hypothesis. On the other hand, this new hypothesis supports Pristobrycon as paraphyletic and Pygocentrus as sister-group of Serrasalmus. The other clade supports the hypothesis of Acnodon as sister-group of symmetrical branch puts together the well-known "pacus".Les espèces type de Myleus Müller & Troschel ont fait l'objet d'une révision suivie d'une description complémentaire à partir de matériel récemment collecté. Une liste des espèces valides de Serrasalminae, publiée à l'issue du travail de taxinomie, est révisée d'après l'hypothèse des relations phylogénétiques décrite plus loin.Une matrice des transformations de 278 caractères est montée à partir du critère de comparaison extra-groupe. La présente analyse confirme la monophylie des Serrasalminae. Les taxons Piaractus et Colossoma d'une part, et Mylossoma d'autre part, forment le groupe-souche des Serrasalminae. Le premier rameau du groupe apical réunit Metynnis, Catoprion et les piranhas. Sa composition correspond au rameau "B" de l'hypothèse de Machado-Allison, mais suivant la topologie de cette nouvelle hypothèse Pristobrycon est paraphylétique et Pygocentrus est le groupe-frère de Serrasalmus. Dans le second rameau, Acnodon est groupe-frère d'un rameau symétrique réunissant les "pacus". Ce clade est constitué d'une part de Myleus, Tometes, Ossubtus et Mylesinus et, d'autre part, de Myloplus et Prosomyleus.PARIS-Museum Hist.Naturelle (751052304) / SudocSudocFranceF

[Trisomy 21 and breast cancer: A genetic abnormality which protects against breast cancer?] = Cancer du sein et trisomie 21 : une anomalie génétique qui protège contre le cancer du sein ?

INTRODUCTION: Trisomy 21 (T21) is the most common chromosomal abnormality and one of the main causes of intellectual disability. The tumor profile of T21 patients is characterized by the low frequency of solid tumors including breast cancer. METHODS: The objective of this work was to analyze the literature to find possible clues for the low frequency of breast cancer in T21 persons with a focus on one hand to the various risks and protective factors against breast cancer for women T21, and on the other hand to changes in the expression of different genes located on chromosome 21. RESULTS: T21 women have hormonal and societal risk factors for breast cancer: frequent nulliparity, lack of breastfeeding, physical inactivity and high body mass index. The age of menopause, earlier in T21 women, has a modest protective effect against breast cancer. The low rate of breast tumors in T21 women is probably mainly linked to the reduced life expectancy compared to the general population (risk of death before the age of onset of the majority of breast cancers) and the presence of a third chromosome 21, characterizing the disease. It might lead to the increased expression of a number of genes contributing directly or undirectly to tumor suppression, decreased tumor angiogenesis and increased cell apoptosis. Moreover, changes in the mammary stroma of persons T21 could have an inhibitory role on the development of breast tumors. CONCLUSION: The low frequency of breast cancers for T21 patients may not only be explained by hormonal and societal factors, but also by genetic mechanisms which could constitute an interesting axis of research in breast cancer

Industrial experiences with resource management under software randomization in ARINC653 avionics environments

Injecting randomization in different layers of the computing platform has been shown beneficial for security, resilience to software bugs and timing analysis. In this paper, with focus on the latter, we show our experience regarding memory and timing resource management when software randomization techniques are applied to one of the most stringent industrial environments, ARINC653-based avionics. We describe the challenges in this task, we propose a set of solutions and present the results obtained for two commercial avionics applications, executed on COTS hardware and RTOS.The work leading to these results has been funded by the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) un- der the PROXIMA Project (grant agreement 611085). Moreover, it has been partially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation under grant TIN2015-65316-P and the HiPEAC Network of Excellence.Peer Reviewe