5 research outputs found
Additional file 1: of Development and preliminary validation of a leadership competency instrument for existing and emerging allied health professional leaders
AHEAD Domains and Competencies. (PDF 190 kb
A new framework for evaluating dust emission model development using dichotomous satellite observations of dust emission
Dust models are essential for understanding the impact of mineral dust on Earth’s systems, human health, and global economies, but dust emission modelling has large uncertainties. Satellite observations of dust emission point sources (DPS) provide a valuable dichotomous inventory of regional dust emissions. We develop a framework for evaluating dust emission model performance using existing DPS data before routine calibration of dust models. To illustrate this framework’s utility and arising insights, we evaluated the albedo-based dust emission model (AEM) with its areal (MODIS 500 m) estimates of soil surface wind friction velocity (us*) and common, poorly constrained grain-scale entrainment threshold (u*ts) adjusted by a function of soil moisture (H). The AEM simulations are reduced to its frequency of occurrence, P(us* > u*tsH). The spatio-temporal variability in observed dust emission frequency is described by the collation of nine existing DPS datasets. Observed dust emission occurs rarely, even in North Africa and the Middle East, where DPS frequency averages 1.8 %, (~7 days y− 1), indicating extreme, large wind speed events. The AEM coincided with observed dust emission ~71.4 %, but simulated dust emission ~27.4 % when no dust emission was observed, while dust emission occurrence was over-estimated by up to 2 orders of magnitude. For estimates to match observations, results showed that grain-scale u*ts needed restricted sediment supply and compatibility with areal us*. Failure to predict dust emission during observed events, was due to us* being too small because reanalysis winds (ERA5-Land) were averaged across 11 km pixels, and inconsistent with us* across 0.5 km pixels representing local maxima. Assumed infinite sediment supply caused the AEM to simulate dust emission whenever P(us*>u*tsH), producing false positives when wind speeds were large. The dust emission model scales of existing parameterisations need harmonising and a new parameterisation for u*ts is required to restrict sediment supply over space and time.</p
Additional file 1: Table S1. of Transgelin increases metastatic potential of colorectal cancer cells in vivo and alters expression of genes involved in cell motility
- Comparison of the genes altered by transgelin overexpression in RKO and DLD-1 cells. Table shows gene symbols, gene names, expression fold changes obtained by cDNA microarray and qPCR in RKO and DLD-1 cells. (DOCX 16 kb
Additional file 2: Table S2. of Transgelin increases metastatic potential of colorectal cancer cells in vivo and alters expression of genes involved in cell motility
- Primers for qPCR. Table shows gene symbols and primer sequences. All primers are written in 5’ to 3’ direction. (DOC 78 kb
Elucidating hidden and enduring weaknesses in dust emission modeling
Large-scale classical dust cycle models, developed more than two decades ago, assume for simplicity that the Earth's land surface is devoid of vegetation, reduce dust emission estimates using a vegetation cover complement, and calibrate estimates to observed atmospheric dust optical depth (DOD). Consequently, these models are expected to be valid for use with dust-climate projections in Earth System Models. We reveal little spatial relation between DOD frequency and satellite observed dust emission from point sources (DPS) and a difference of up to 2 orders of magnitude. We compared DPS data to an exemplar traditional dust emission model (TEM) and the albedo-based dust emission model (AEM) which represents aerodynamic roughness over space and time. Both models overestimated dust emission probability but showed strong spatial relations to DPS, suitable for calibration. Relative to the AEM calibrated to the DPS, the TEM overestimated large dust emission over vast vegetated areas and produced considerable false change in dust emission. It is difficult to avoid the conclusion that calibrating dust cycle models to DOD has hidden for more than two decades, these TEM modeling weaknesses. The AEM overcomes these weaknesses without using masks or vegetation cover data. Considerable potential therefore exists for ESMs driven by prognostic albedo, to reveal new insights of aerosol effects on, and responses to, contemporary and environmental change projections.</p