Electrophoretic moblity of anatase spheres (a) and rutile rods (b) as a function of pH.

<p>A general trend of PZC shift toward a lower pH can be observed for both anatase spheres and rutile rods.</p

Correlation between specific surface area and CCC for rutile rods.

<p>Correlation between specific surface area and CCC for rutile rods.</p

Measured properties of the TiO₂ samples.

a<p>primary particle dimensions are determined by measuring 100 randomly-chosen particles on TEM images.</p>b<p>specific surface area is calculated based on the particle dimensions, assuming rutile rods as cylinders and anatase spheres as perfect spheres. The density of TiO2 was 4.23×10⁶ g/m³.</p>c<p>CCC of RR3 with NOM appeared to be below the lowest tested electrolyte concentration, thus no CCC is reported here.</p

XRD spectra of RR2, RR3, RR4 (rutile rod) samples.

<p>XRD spectra of RR2, RR3, RR4 (rutile rod) samples.</p

Representative TEM images of rutile rods and anatase spheroids.

<p>Representative TEM images of rutile rods and anatase spheroids.</p

Anatase sphere CCC-particle size correlation and the theoretical prediction of the energy barrier.

<p>(a). Correlation between nanoparticle diameter and CCC for anatase sphere (AS) TiO₂; (b). Predicted energy barrier contour map of TiO₂ anatase nanospheres. The color bar denotes the energy barrier (unit kT).</p

The attachment efficiency as a function of NaCl concentration for AS3 (anatase sphere).

<p>A reaction-limited cluster aggregation regime (RLCA, left region) and a diffusion-limited cluster aggregation regime (DLCA, right region) can be observed.</p