Bench-top device test.

<p>Photographs of the set-up for the bench-top device test, showing (A) the oxygen sensitive wireless self-powered biodevice, <i>i.e.</i> an EFC (electrochemical cell containing the anodes, 1, and cathodes, 2) connected to the wireless operational unit (white box, 3) and a control device (voltmeter, 4) and (B) a computer with the developed control software and receiver (CC2530 radio highlighted with the white arrow, 5), placed roughly 4 m from the device.</p

Charge pump design.

<p>Overall scheme of the charge pump design divided into different modules connected to electronics for sensing, sampling, and wireless radio transmission of data.</p

Wireless carbohydrate sensing.

<p>Recorded signal from the carbohydrate sensitive self-contained biodevice in buffers with varying lactose concentrations.</p

Wireless oxygen sensing.

<p>Recorded signal from the self-contained biodevice for oxygen monitoring in buffers with varying oxygen concentrations.</p