sj-docx-1-las-10.1177_00238309241247210 – Supplemental material for Impact of Japanese L1 Rhythm on English L2 Speech

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-las-10.1177_00238309241247210 for Impact of Japanese L1 Rhythm on English L2 Speech by Saya Kawase, Chris Davis and Jeesun Kim in Language and Speech</p

A static image of the side-by-side the point-line talking faces presented to the infants.

<p>A static image of the side-by-side the point-line talking faces presented to the infants.</p

The grand mean FFTs for 16 and 23.5 Hz modulation frequencies during attended and unattended conditions across ipsilateral and contralateral activations combined from the two electrodes (T7 & T8).

<p>The power in the FFTs is an absolute value expressed in terms of squared microvolts per every 1 Hz of frequency (µV²/Hz). The first harmonics for both 16 and 23.5 Hz are also shown.</p

Mean reaction times for targets across modulation frequencies for the congruent and incongruent condition. Standard deviations are given in parentheses.

<p>Mean reaction times for targets across modulation frequencies for the congruent and incongruent condition. Standard deviations are given in parentheses.</p

Mean percentage fixation to the matching and mismatching point-line displays for the full spectrum and prosody-only groups in Experiment 1.

<p>Error bars = 1 standard error of the mean.</p

A summary of research on attentional modulation of ASSR using the frequency tagging paradigm.

<p>Note: NR = Not Relevant.</p><p>A summary of research on attentional modulation of ASSR using the frequency tagging paradigm.</p

The grand mean FFTs for 32.5 and 40 Hz modulation frequencies during attended and unattended conditions across ipsilateral and contralateral activations combined from the two electrodes (T7 & T8).

<p>The power in the FFTs is an absolute value expressed in terms of squared microvolts per every 1 Hz of frequency (µV²/Hz).</p

Maternal Setdb1 Is Required for Meiotic Progression and Preimplantation Development in Mouse

<div><p>Oocyte meiotic progression and maternal-to-zygote transition are accompanied by dynamic epigenetic changes. The functional significance of these changes and the key epigenetic regulators involved are largely unknown. Here we show that Setdb1, a lysine methyltransferase, controls the global level of histone H3 lysine 9 di-methyl (H3K9me2) mark in growing oocytes. Conditional deletion of <i>Setdb1</i> in developing oocytes leads to meiotic arrest at the germinal vesicle and meiosis I stages, resulting in substantially fewer mature eggs. Embryos derived from these eggs exhibit severe defects in cell cycle progression, progressive delays in preimplantation development, and degeneration before reaching the blastocyst stage. Rescue experiments by expressing wild-type or inactive Setdb1 in <i>Setdb1</i>-deficient oocytes suggest that the catalytic activity of Setdb1 is essential for meiotic progression and early embryogenesis. Mechanistically, up-regulation of Cdc14b, a dual-specificity phosphatase that inhibits meiotic progression, greatly contributes to the meiotic arrest phenotype. <i>Setdb1</i> deficiency also leads to derepression of transposons and increased DNA damage in oocytes, which likely also contribute to meiotic defects. Thus, <i>Setdb1</i> is a maternal-effect gene that controls meiotic progression and is essential for early embryogenesis. Our results uncover an important link between the epigenetic machinery and the major signaling pathway governing meiotic progression.</p></div

<i>Setdb1</i>^<i>m-z+</i> zygotes show severe delays in pronuclear maturation and entry into the first mitosis.

<p><b>(A)</b> Schematic representation of the timing of cell cycle phases of 1-cell and 2-cell stage embryos. (<b>B, C</b>) Determination of pronuclear (PN) stages after <i>in vitro</i> fertilization. Met II oocytes from <i>Setdb1</i> KO and control mice were fertilized <i>in vitro</i> with sperm from WT mice, and at 5 hours post-fertilization (hpf), the zygotes (<i>Setdb1</i>^<i>m-z+</i> and <i>Setdb1</i>^<i>m+z+</i>, respectively) were stained with DAPI (blue) to determine their PN stages. <b>(B)</b> Representative zygotes at PN1, PN2, and PN3 stages. The boundaries of the zygotes are defined by circles, and the male and female pronuclei are indicated. Pb, polar body. Scale bars, 30 μm. <b>(C)</b> The percentages of PN1, PN2-3, and abnormal zygotes. The total numbers of embryos examined are indicated. (<b>D, E</b>) <i>Setdb1</i> KO and control females were mated with WT males, zygotes (<i>Setdb1</i>^<i>m-z+</i> and <i>Setdb1</i>^<i>m+z+</i>, respectively) collected at E0.5 were incubated in the presence of colcemid for 18 hours and then stained with DAPI to determine the cell cycle stages. <b>(D)</b> Representative zygotes at interphase and M phase. The boundaries of the zygotes are defined by circles. Pb, polar body. Scale bars, 30 μm. <b>(E)</b> The percentages of interphase, M phase, and abnormal zygotes. The total numbers of embryos examined are indicated.</p