Risk factors for invasive Group B <i>Streptococcal</i> (GBS) disease in early-onset and late-onset disease cases and matched controls.

<p>¹Univariate-OR(95%CI)-calculated odds ratio with 95% confidence using Fischer exact test comparing cases and controls.</p><p>² Multivariate-OR(95%CI)-calculated odds ratio with 95% confidence of disease using conditional logistic regression (For early-onset disease: adjusted for HIV-status, maternal age at delivery, gestational age, maternal GBS colonization, prolonged ROM, offensive liquor, maternal temperature>38, GBS bacteriuria and any intra-partum antibiotics. For late-onset disease: adjusted for HIV-status, maternal age at delivery, gestational age, maternal GBS colonization and GBS bacteriuria).</p><p>³ Prolonged ROM (>18 hours)-prolonged rupture of membranes.</p><p>⁴Maternal fever during labor.</p><p>⁵IAP-Intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis to pregnant women that met risk-based criteria (gestation <37 weeks, PROM and maternal intra-partum fever).</p><p>Risk factors for invasive Group B <i>Streptococcal</i> (GBS) disease in early-onset and late-onset disease cases and matched controls.</p

Burden of Invasive Group B <i>Streptococcus</i> Disease and Early Neurological Sequelae in South African Infants

<div><p>Introduction</p><p>Group B <i>Streptococcus</i> (GBS) is a leading cause of neonatal sepsis and meningitis. We aimed to evaluate the burden of invasive early-onset (0–6 days of life, EOD) and late-onset (7–89 days, LOD) GBS disease and subsequent neurological sequelae in infants from a setting with a high prevalence (29.5%) of HIV among pregnant women.</p><p>Methods</p><p>A case-control study was undertaken at three secondary-tertiary care public hospitals in Johannesburg. Invasive cases in infants <3 months age were identified by surveillance of laboratories from November 2012 to February 2014. Neurodevelopmental screening was done in surviving cases and controls at 3 and 6 months of age.</p><p>Results</p><p>We identified 122 cases of invasive GBS disease over a 12 month period. Although the incidence (per 1,000 live births) of EOD was similar between HIV-exposed and HIV-unexposed infants (1.13 vs. 1.46; p = 0.487), there was a 4.67-fold (95%CI: 2.24–9.74) greater risk for LOD in HIV-exposed infants (2.27 vs. 0.49; p<0.001). Overall, serotypes Ia, Ib and III constituted 75.8% and 92.5% of EOD and LOD, respectively. Risk factors for EOD included offensive draining liquor (adjusted Odds Ratio: 27.37; 95%CI: 1.94–386.50) and maternal GBS bacteriuria (aOR: 8.41; 95%CI: 1.44–49.15), which was also a risk-factor for LOD (aOR: 3.49; 95%CI: 1.17–10.40). The overall case fatality rate among cases was 18.0%. The adjusted odds for neurological sequelae at 6 months age was 13.18-fold (95%CI: 1.44–120.95) greater in cases (13.2%) than controls (0.4%).</p><p>Discussion</p><p>The high burden of invasive GBS disease in South Africa, which is also associated with high case fatality rates and significant neurological sequelae among survivors, is partly due to the heightened risk for LOD in infants born to HIV-infected women. An effective trivalent GBS conjugate vaccine targeted at pregnant women could prevent invasive GBS disease in this setting.</p></div

Demographic characteristics of infants with invasive Group B <i>Streptococcal</i> (GBS) disease.

<p>¹EOD-Early-onset disease.</p><p>²LOD-Late-onset disease.</p><p>³OR(95%CI)-calculated odds ratio with 95% confidence comparing EOD to LOD.</p><p>⁴p-value-using Chi-squared, Fischer exact or Wilcoxon rank-sum (Mann-Whitney) test.</p><p>⁵CSF-Cerebrospinal fluid.</p><p>Demographic characteristics of infants with invasive Group B <i>Streptococcal</i> (GBS) disease.</p

Predictors of mortality from invasive Group B streptococcus (GBS) disease.

<p>¹OR(95%CI)-calculated odds ratio with 95% confidence comparing infants that demised versus survivors of GBS disease using Chi-squared or Fischer exact test.</p><p>² Multivariate-OR(95%CI)-calculated odds ratio with 95% confidence using logistic regression (adjusted for timing of disease, HIV-exposure, prematurity (<34 weeks), ventilation, inotropic support, apnea, seizures).</p><p>³WCC-White cell count.</p><p>⁴CRP-C-reactive protein.</p><p>Predictors of mortality from invasive Group B streptococcus (GBS) disease.</p

Antibiotics MIC₅₀, MIC₉₀ and breakpoints for 2 709 <i>S</i>. <i>aureus</i> isolates.

<p>Antibiotics MIC₅₀, MIC₉₀ and breakpoints for 2 709 <i>S</i>. <i>aureus</i> isolates.</p

Comparison of MRSA and MSSA in susceptibility to antimicrobial agents for 2709 <i>S</i>. <i>aureus</i> isolates.

<p>Comparison of MRSA and MSSA in susceptibility to antimicrobial agents for 2709 <i>S</i>. <i>aureus</i> isolates.</p

Antimicrobial susceptibility of 2709 SA isolates.

<p>Antimicrobial susceptibility of 2709 SA isolates.</p

Association between the most common SCC<i>mec</i> types and clindamycin susceptibility (n = 988).

<p>Association between the most common SCC<i>mec</i> types and clindamycin susceptibility (n = 988).</p

Age distribution of 2711 patients with SA bacteraemia from June 2010—July 2012.

<p>Age distribution of 2711 patients with SA bacteraemia from June 2010—July 2012.</p

Relationship between the most common SCC<i>mec</i> and <i>spa</i> types.

<p>Relationship between the most common SCC<i>mec</i> and <i>spa</i> types.</p