Améliorer les symptômes et le tabagisme chez les personnes souffrant de schizophrénie : un manque d’effet synergique du médicament antipsychotique

Contexte : Le tabagisme est élevé chez les personnes souffrant de schizophrénie ; certains patients réclament une aide au niveau de la médication qu’ils reçoivent afin de cesser de fumer. Objectif : Parmi les traitements pharmacologiques de la schizophrénie, la clozapine peut réduire la consommation de cigarettes. Les effets de la quétiapine, un autre antipsychotique atypique partageant plusieurs propriétés structurales et pharmacologiques avec la clozapine, ont été examinés chez un groupe de fumeurs atteints de schizophrénie dans une étude exploratoire. Méthode : Vingt-et-un individus fumeurs avec un diagnostic de schizophrénie, de trouble schizo-affectif ou de trouble schizophréniforme et recevant de la quétiapine ont été évalués à l’aide du questionnaire de Fagerström pour la dépendance à la nicotine. Ils ont de plus subi des analyses de monoxyde de carbone sanguin. Résultats : Le profil tabagique des sujets n’a pas été modifié significativement par l’administration de la quétiapine, malgré une amélioration de la symptomatologie psychiatrique. Conclusion : La quétiapine ne semble pas avoir d’effet significatif sur la consommation de cigarettes chez les fumeurs souffrant de schizophrénie.Context: Tobacco use is high among people suffering from schizophrenia ; certain patients demand help at the medication level they receive in order to stop smoking. Objective: Among the pharmacological treatment of schizophrenia, clozapine can reduce tobacco use. The effects of quetiapine, another atypical antipsychotic medication sharing several structural and pharmacological properties with clozapine, have been examined in a group of smokers with schizophrenia in an exploratory study. Method: Twenty-one smoking individuals with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, schizo-affective disorder or schizophreniform disorder and receiving quetiapine have been evaluated with the help of a questionnaire elaborated by Fagerström for nicotine addiction. They also were submitted to carbon monoxide blood analyses. Results: The tobacco profile of subjects was not modified significantly by the administration of quetiapine, despite an improvement of the psychiatric symptomatology. Conclusion: Quetiapine does not appear to have a significant effect on tobacco use in smokers suffering from schizophrenia.Contexto: El tabaquismo es elevado en las personas que sufren de esquizofrenia; algunos pacientes requieren ayuda a nivel de la medicación que reciben a fin de dejar de fumar. Objetivo: Entre los tratamientos farmacológicos de la esquizofrenia, la clozapina puede reducir el consumo de cigarrillos. Los efectos de la quetiapina, otro antipsicótico atípico que comparte varias propiedades estructurales y farmacológicas con la clozapina, han sido examinados en un estudio exploratorio de un grupo de fumadores que sufren de esquizofrenia. Método: Veintiún individuos fumadores diagnosticados con esquizofrenia, de trastorno esquizoafectivo o de trastorno esquizofreniforme, y que reciben quetiapina fueron evaluados con ayuda del cuestionario de Fagerström para la dependencia a la nicotina. Además se les realizaron análisis sanguíneos de monóxido de carbono. Resultados: la administración de quetiapina no modificó significativamente el perfil de tabaquismo de los pacientes, a pesar de la mejora de la sintomatología psiquiátrica. Conclusión: La quetiapina no parece tener efectos significativos en el consumo de cigarrillos en los fumadores que sufren de esquizofrenia.Contexto: O tabagismo é elevado nas pessoas que sofrem de esquizofrenia; alguns pacientes pedem a prescrição de remédios a fim de parar de fumar. Objetivo: Entre os tratamentos farmacológicos da esquizofrenia, a clozapina pode reduzir o consumo de cigarro. Os efeitos da quetiapina, um outro antipsicótico atípico que possui várias propriedades estruturais e farmacológicas semelhantes às da clozapina, foram examinados em um grupo de fumantes que sofrem de esquizofrenia em um estudo exploratório. Método: 21 indivíduos fumantes com um diagnóstico de esquizofrenia, transtorno esquizoafetivo ou de transtorno esquizofreniforme e que recebem quetiapina foram avaliados com a ajuda do questionário de Fageström para a dependência à nicotina. Além disto, eles passaram por análises de monóxido de carbono sangüíneo. Resultados: o perfil tabagístico das pessoas não foi modificado significativamente pela administração da quetiapina, apesar da melhoria da sintomatologia psiquiátrica. Conclusão: A quetiapina não parece ter efeito significativo no consumo de cigarros nos fumantes que sofrem de esquizofrenia

Measurement invariance of the Marijuana Motives Measure among men and women using Stop Cannabis App

Motives to use cannabis play a central role in the development and maintenance of problematic cannabis use and previous studies stressed sex-related differences on motives to use cannabis. However, motives cannot be validly compared in men and women without first establishing the measurement invariance across sex. Therefore, the aim of the study is to (1) examine for the first time the measurement and structural invariance of the Marijuana Motives Measure (MMM) across sex, and (2) to investigate the motives for cannabis use that best explain problematic use. 2951 (41.7% women) users of the "Stop cannabis" smartphone app of which 99.8% reported having used cannabis in the last three months completed an online MMM and ASSIST to assess the severity of their problematic cannabis use. Multigroup confirmatory factor analyses supported measurement invariance across sex, whereas structural invariance was not confirmed. Indeed, group comparisons indicated that women reported greater coping motives then men whereas men showed greater social motives than women. A multiple linear regression analysis showed that only coping and conformity motives were significantly associated with greater problematic cannabis use, whereas neither sex nor the sex by motives interactions were significantly related to problematic cannabis use. The MMM appears to function comparably across men and women. Therefore, sex-related comparisons on the questionnaire can be considered valid. Coping and conformity motives may play a central role part in the development of marijuana use problems which may hold implications for intervention development and public policy

Handbook of metaheuristics

Metaheuristics have grown into one of the most prominent areas of operations research. This update of a trailblazing volume examines the latest developments in the field

Handbook of metaheuristics

“… an excellent book if you want to learn about a number of individual metaheuristics." (U. Aickelin, Journal of the Operational Research Society, Issue 56, 2005, on the First Edition) The first edition of the Handbook of Metaheuristics was published in 2003 under the editorship of Fred Glover and Gary A. Kochenberger. Given the numerous developments observed in the field of metaheuristics in recent years, it appeared that the time was ripe for a second edition of the Handbook. When Glover and Kochenberger were unable to prepare this second edition, they suggested that Michel Gendreau and Jean-Yves Potvin should take over the editorship, and so this important new edition is now available. Through its 21 chapters, this second edition is designed to provide a broad coverage of the concepts, implementations and applications in this important field of optimization. Original contributors either revised or updated their work, or provided entirely new chapters. The Handbook now includes updated chapters on the best known metaheuristics, including simulated annealing, tabu search, variable neighborhood search, scatter search and path relinking, genetic algorithms, memetic algorithms, genetic programming, ant colony optimization, multi-start methods, greedy randomized adaptive search procedure, guided local search, hyper-heuristics and parallel metaheuristics. It also contains three new chapters on large neighborhood search, artificial immune systems and hybrid metaheuristics. The last four chapters are devoted to more general issues related to the field of metaheuristics, namely reactive search, stochastic search, fitness landscape analysis and performance comparison

Online vehicle routing and scheduling with continuous vehicle tracking

Abstract This paper proposes an extension to an online vehicle routing problem described i