Morphology of gastrointestinal cells (CaCo-2) after exposure to different concentrations of nanosilver for 48 h.

<p>A = 1 µg/mL, B = 3 µg/mL, C = 9 µg/mL, D = 27 µg/mL, E = 81 µg/mL, F = 243 µg/mL.</p

Uptake of nanosilver, nanotitanium dioxide, and paint Ti-1 particles by gastrointestinal cells (CaCo-2).

<p>A = Control culture; CaCo-2 cells grown in the absence of ENPs and paint particles. B = CaCo-2 cells exposed to nanosilver (27 µg/mL) for 48 h. A higher amount of nanosilver was incorporated into the cells. Occasionally, the incorporated nanosilver particles formed spherical agglomerates arranged in a row. 1: Nanosilver agglomerates, 2: Nanosilver agglomerates forming a chain. C = CaCo-2 cells exposed to nanotitanium dioxide (243 µg/mL) for 48 h. A higher amount of nanotitanium dioxide was incorporated into the cells. No cytotoxic effects could be observed. 3: Nanotitanium dioxide agglomerates. D = CaCo-2 cells exposed to paint Ti-1 particles show incorporation of the particles. 4: Microtitanium dioxide agglomerates, 5: Agglomerates of paint particles, 6: Nanotitanium dioxide agglomerates.</p

Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by gastrointestinal tract cells (CaCo-2) after exposure to ENPs, ionic silver, microtitanium dioxide and aged paint particles for 4 h.

<p>A = CaCo-2 cells were exposed to different concentrations of nanosilver, paint Ag-1, Ag-2 and ionic silver. B = CaCo-2 cells were exposed to different concentrations of nanotitanium dioxide, paint Ti-1, Ti-2, Ti-3 and microtitanium dioxide. C = CaCo-2 cells were exposed to different concentrations of nanosilicon dioxide, paint Si-1 and Si-2. * = Significantly different from the control.</p

Activity and viability of gastrointestinal tract cells (CaCo-2) after exposure to ENPs, ionic silver, microtitanium dioxide and aged paint particles for 48 h.

<p>A = CaCo-2 cells were exposed to different concentrations of nanosilver, paint Ag-1, Ag-2 and ionic silver. B = CaCo-2 cells were exposed to different concentrations of nanotitanium dioxide, paint Ti-1, Ti-2, Ti-3 and microtitanium dioxide. C = CaCo-2 cells were exposed to different concentrations of nanosilicon dioxide, paint Si-1 and Si-2. * = Significantly different from the control.</p

MOESM1 of Release of copper-amended particles from micronized copper-pressure-treated wood during mechanical abrasion

Additional file 1: Figures S1, S2, S3. Concentration considerations of MCA components; Formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS); Culture conditions and cell viability assessment of THP-1 cells; Production of cytokines