The Tourville left upper limb remains.

<p>Top: humerus; bottom left: ulna; bottom right: radius. For all the bones: A: anterior view; M: medial view; P: posterior view; L: lateral view.</p

ESR dating results calculated using the standard US [60] and the closed system (CS)-US [61] models.

<p>(*) For this sample, age calculation was performed using the dentine U-series data for the enamel as well. See <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0104111#pone.0104111.s001" target="_blank">File S1</a> for further details.</p><p>ESR dating results calculated using the standard US <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0104111#pone.0104111-Grn1" target="_blank">[60]</a> and the closed system (CS)-US <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0104111#pone.0104111-Grn2" target="_blank">[61]</a> models.</p

Location of the open-area site of Tourville-la-Rivière and other Northwest European (north to 45°N and west to 16°E) contexts, contemporaries of lower and middle Pleistocene (MIS-10-6), that have yielded human remains.

<p>Location of the open-area site of Tourville-la-Rivière and other Northwest European (north to 45°N and west to 16°E) contexts, contemporaries of lower and middle Pleistocene (MIS-10-6), that have yielded human remains.</p

CT-based 3D mapping of the topographic distribution of the cortical bone at the proximal part of the humeral diaphysis (A) compared to the equivalent area (B, 6 cm below the deltoid tuberosity) on the humerus of the Krapina # 165 Pre-Neandertal (NESPOS data base, [<b>40</b>]) (B).

<p>Cortical thickness topographic variation was rendered using a chromatic scale increasing from dark blue (thin) to red (thick). The arrows indicate the position of the deltoid tuberosity in both shafts. a: anterior view, b: posterior view, c: medial view, d: lateral view.</p

The Tourville 1 human remains in anterior view placed adjacent to the left arm bones of the Tabun 1 female Neandertal.

<p>The humeri are aligned according to the medial supracondylar crest, the ulnae using the brachialis tuberosity, and the radii using the radial tuberosity. Scale 5 cm.</p

The enthesopathy modifying the posterior fasciculus of the deltoid muscle on the Tourville left humerus.

<p>Left: virtual reconstruction of the affected diaphyseal segment between horizontal cross-sections n° 110 and 310. In green: cortical bone, in blue: medullary cavity volume. Right: horizontal CT-scan of the same segment. Note both the substantial crest, which develops laterally and posteriorly, and the absence of any important relief at the area around insertion of the anterior muscle fasciculus.</p

The Tourville-la-Rivière site.

<p>A: general view of the site during excavation; B: general stratigraphy of Tourville-la-Rivière (after <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0104111#pone.0104111-Carpentier2" target="_blank">[36]</a>, modified); C: stratigraphy of the excavated area.</p