Abundance and Diversity of Crypto- and Necto-Benthic Coastal Fish Are Higher in Marine Forests than in Structurally Less Complex Macroalgal Assemblages - Fig 5

<p><b>Fish assemblage structure compared among habitats and regions-times, in terms of (A) presence / absence, (B) densities, and (C) biomasses of all crypto- and necto- benthic fish.</b> Principal coordinates analyses (PCoA) were built using dissimilarities among centroids of each levels of the combined factor habitat X locality-protection (region-time), which were computed using Jaccard dissimilarity for presence / absence data and Bray-Curtis dissimilarity for both square root transformed densities and biomass data. First two axes (MDS 1 and 2) are plotted and percentages of explained variance are indicated within brackets. Labels refer to the 4 locality-protection levels (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0164121#pone.0164121.g002" target="_blank">Fig 2</a>). Modified from Thiriet <i>et al</i>. [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0164121#pone.0164121.ref030" target="_blank">30</a>].</p

Location of the sampling sites.

<p>Green filled arrows indicate forest sites, red filled arrows indicate barren sites, orange filled arrows indicate turf sites. Localities 'L1' and 'L3' were within the Marine Protected Areas (MPA) Scandola Marine Reserve and Norte de Menorca Marine Reserve, respectively. Dotted lines indicate MPA boundaries. Localities 'L2' and 'L4' were both outside MPAs. See also <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0164121#pone.0164121.s004" target="_blank">S2 Table</a> for geographical coordinates of all sites. Public domain source of backgrounds maps: OpenStreetMap contributors, available under ODbL licence at <a href="http://www.openstreetmap.org/" target="_blank">http://www.openstreetmap.org/</a>. Figure modified from Thiriet <i>et al</i>. [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0164121#pone.0164121.ref030" target="_blank">30</a>].</p

Results of univariate PERMANOVAs comparing fish assemblage structure between forest and barren.

<p>Results of univariate PERMANOVAs comparing fish assemblage structure between forest and barren.</p

Four habitat types in North-Western Mediterranean subtidal rocky reefs.

<p>(A) forest formed by the locally threatened species <i>Cystoseira brachycarpa</i> var. <i>balearica</i>, and 3 habitat types that may replace lost <i>Cystoseira</i> forests: (B) shrubs formed by Dictyotales and Sphacelariales, (C) turf formed by articulated corallinales, and (D) barren characterized by the absence of erect macrophytes. Upper panel: schematic representations of the habitat structure provided by the dominant macrophytes. Habitat complexity decreases from A to D. Lower panel: pictures taken in Corsica during summer 2011, at 8 m depth. Foregrounds span around 2 m width. Modified from Thiriet <i>et al</i>. [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0164121#pone.0164121.ref030" target="_blank">30</a>].</p

Univariate descriptors of fish assemblage structure compared among habitats and regions-times.

<p>Mean values (+/- SE) of the number of taxa (observed per site), the total density and the total biomass of all fish, only crypto-benthic fish and only necto-benthic fish, for each habitat x locality-protection (region-time) level combination. Modified from Thiriet <i>et al</i>. [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0164121#pone.0164121.ref030" target="_blank">30</a>].</p

Groups of fish sharing the same density variations across habitats and regions-times.

<p>Mean standardized density (+/-SE) indicates variations of every fish taxon on a common scale even if their respective absolute densities may be different. NBJ: early juveniles of necto-benthic species sampled by EASV, while late juveniles and (sub-)adults were sampled by UVC. See <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0164121#pone.0164121.t003" target="_blank">Table 3</a> for detailed information about body-size and absolute densities of each fish taxon. Modified from Thiriet <i>et al</i>. [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0164121#pone.0164121.ref030" target="_blank">30</a>].</p

Results of multivariate PERMANOVAs comparing fish assemblage structure between forest and barren.

<p>Results of multivariate PERMANOVAs comparing fish assemblage structure between forest and barren.</p

Macrophyte assemblage structures discriminating the 3 habitat types.

<p>Mean total macrophyte biomass (+SE) and mean biomass (+SE) of the 6 macrophyte functional groups for each of the 3 habitat types sampled (see also <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0164121#pone.0164121.g001" target="_blank">Fig 1A, 1C and 1D</a>). Modified from Thiriet <i>et al</i>. [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0164121#pone.0164121.ref030" target="_blank">30</a>].</p