Fat mass percentage at 12 months after bariatric surgery according to MC4R genotype.

<p>A, plot percentage of fat mass in carriers and non-carriers of functional MC4R mutations. B, plot percentage of fat mass in carriers and non-carriers of the allele rs17782313-C. C, plot percentage of fat mass in carriers and non-carriers of MC4R polymorphisms: Ile251Leu, Val103Ile. D, plot percentage of fat mass in carriers and non-carriers of MC4R polymorphism: A_178C.</p

Weight loss over 12 months after bariatric surgery according to MC4R genotype (mean±SEM).

<p>Weight loss was expressed as a percentage of weight at baseline (surgery). Carriers and non-carriers were matched for age, sex, weight and surgery procedure (gastric banding or bypass). A) Weight loss in carriers and non-carriers of functional MC4R mutations. B) Weight loss data in carriers and non-carriers of the allele rs17782313-C. C) Weight loss data in carriers and non-carriers of MC4R polymorphisms Ile251Leu, Val103Ile, D) Weight loss data in carriers and non-carriers of MC4R polymorphism A_178C.</p

Clinical characteristics according to MC4R genotypes (functional <i>MC4R</i> mutations, MC4R polymorphisms and the variant rs17782313 downstream <i>MC4R</i>).

<p>Clinical characteristics according to MC4R genotypes (functional <i>MC4R</i> mutations, MC4R polymorphisms and the variant rs17782313 downstream <i>MC4R</i>).</p

Increases in nervonic acid following RYGB.

<p>A significant increase in serum abundance of nervonic acid occurred following RYGB in both OB and OB/D subjects, as assessed using a mixed-effects ANOVA with group:time interaction (** <i>p</i><0.01 versus T0). Overall, nervonic acid levels were significantly different at each time point between OB and OB/D subgroups (p<0.01, see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0007905#pone-0007905-t002" target="_blank"><b>TABLE 2</b></a>). No group:time interaction was identified. Mean metabolite abundance±SEM is indicated in red.</p

Iron intake and serum concentration of iron, ferritin and hemoglobin in patients undergoing GBP and AGB at baseline and during the follow-up.

<p>Results are expressed as means ± SEMs; significant differences if p<0.05. * represents significant differences between T0 and T1. ■ represents significant differences between T1 and T3.° represents significant differences between T0 and T3. * in red represents significant differences between AGB and GBP. <b>A</b>: Iron food intake in patients operated from bypass surgery at baseline and during the follow-up. <b>B</b>: Iron food intake in patients operated from AGB surgery at baseline and during the follow-up (<i>Black bars represent iron intake from food and open bars those from mineral supplementation given orally</i>. <i>Blue line represents the recommended intake per day to cover people’s need)</i>. <b>C</b>: Serum ferritin concentrations at baseline and 1 and 3 months after the surgery. Dark grey represents bypass patients and light grey AGB patients (<i>Lower red line represents the value below which iron deficiency is defined</i>, <i>the higher line represent the upper limit for normal ferritin levels)</i> <b>D</b>: Serum iron concentrations at baseline and 1 and 3 months after the surgery. Dark grey represents bypass patients and light grey AGB patients (<i>Lower red line represents the value below which defines iron deficiency</i>, <i>the higher line represent the limit for toxicity)</i>. <b>E</b>: Serum hemoglobin at baseline and 1 and 3 months after the surgery. Dark grey represents bypass patients and light grey AGB patients (<i>Lower red line represents cutoff for anemia)</i>.</p

Clinical data in subjects at all 3 time points (T0, T3, and T6) examined.

<p>All 14 subjects are included in the analysis of parameters related to body weight and lipids. Decreases after RYGB were observed for BMI, weight, fat mass, fat free mass, resting energy expenditure and triglycerides. Leptin was also decreased significantly. While HDL-cholesterol decreased from T0 to T3, HDL-Cholesterol levels recovered by T6 and are confirmed by the lack of change in Apo-A1 levels. Total caloric intake decreased after RYGB; however, the relative proportion of lipid, carbohydrate, and protein consumed remained stable. When considering the 12 subjects not treated with insulin, glucose and insulin levels decreased post RYGB. Estimates for HOMA-IR and HOMA%B decreased while HOMA%S increased after surgery. Data presented as mean±standard error. * represents p<0.1 and ** represents p<0.05, assessed by a Friedman test.</p

Energy, food, and macronutrient intakes according to the surgical models at baseline and 1 and 3 months.

<p>Energy, food, and macronutrient intakes according to the surgical models at baseline and 1 and 3 months.</p

Vitamin D intake and phosphocalcic metabolism in patients undergoing GBP and AGB at baseline and during the follow-up.

<p>Results are expressed as means ± SEMs; significant differences if p<0.05. * represents significant differences between T0 and T1. ■ represents significant differences between T1 and T3.° represents significant differences between T0 and T3. * in red represents significant differences between AGB and GBP. <b>A</b>: Vitamin D food and supplement intake in GBP patients at baseline and during the follow-up. <b>B</b>: Vitamin D food and supplement intake in patients operated from AGB surgery at baseline and during the follow-up (<i>Black bars represent vitamin D intake from food and open bars those from vitamin supplementation given orally</i>. <i>Blue line represents the daily recommended intake)</i>. <b>C</b>: Serum vitamin D concentrations at baseline and 6 months after the surgery. Dark grey represents bypass patients and light grey AGB patients (<i>Lower red line represents the value below which vitamin deficiency is defined</i>, <i>the higher line represent the value below which vitamin D insufficiency is defined)</i> <b>D</b>: Parathormone serum concentration at baseline in both groups: dark grey for GBP patients and light grey AGB patients (<i>Red line represents the normal value above which secondary hyperthyroidism is defined)</i>.</p

Various profiles for metabolites that change significantly at some point following RYGB.

<p>A profile is characterized by 3 dots, which represent T0 (prior to RYGB), T3 and T6 (post surgery). An angled slope between two time points indicates a significant change (p<0.05) and a flat slope between two time points indicates non-significant changes. Based on data derived from the mixed-effects ANOVA using all 14 subjects together. (*1): Structure annotation is based on strong analytical evidence (combinations of chromatography, mass spectrometry, chemical reactions, deuterium-labeling, database and literature search, as well as comparisons to similar/homologue/isomeric reference compounds). (*2): Metabolite exhibits identical qualitative analytical characteristics (chromatography and mass spectrometry) compared to status (*1). Further structural and analytical investigations of this metabolite - also in comparison to structurally identified or status (*1) metabolites - are still pending.</p

Metabolite lists differentiating OB from OB/D subjects at each time point.

<p>Metabolites were identified using a mixed-effects ANOVA: 33 metabolites at T0, 32 metabolites at T3, and 28 metabolites at T6 (p<0.05), with indication of whether serum levels are higher in obese (OB) or obese/diabetic (OB/D) subjects. Those metabolites present in all three lists are indicated in bold font. The profiles for metabolites whose abundance changed post surgery are found in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0007905#pone-0007905-g001" target="_blank"><b>FIGURE 1</b></a>. (*1): Structure annotation is based on strong analytical evidence (combinations of chromatography, mass spectrometry, chemical reactions, deuterium-labeling, database and literature search, as well as comparisons to similar/homologue/isomeric reference compounds). (*2): Metabolite exhibits identical qualitative analytical characteristics (chromatography and mass spectrometry) compared to status (*1). Further structural and analytical investigations of this metabolite - also in comparison to structurally identified or status (*1) metabolites - are still pending.</p