Maps showing the differences between local air canopy and soil temperatures with the air local for minimum (A) and maximum (B) <i>(Δ Layer _L − Air _L</i>).

<p>Colour code is given in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0105541#pone-0105541-g002" target="_blank">Figure 2</a>.</p

Superimposed plot of the temperature-dependent growth rate curve of the potato moth Phthorimaea operculella (dashed line) and the frequency distribution (% of area) of average minimum (blue), maximum (red) and mean (striped) temperatures for canopy and soil layers at the three studied elevations.

<p>Grey (shaded) bands in the background represent the WorldClim minimum and maximum temperature range.</p

Mean thermal buffering from Fourier transforms at the daily frequency for canopy (A, B) and soil temperatures (C, D) as a function of elevation and leaf area index.

<p>(A, C) show the daytime temperature excursion with respect to air, whereas (B, D) are the equivalent results for night-time temperatures. The 95% interval of confidence is given between brackets. Blue colours show colder temperatures than air. Red colours show warmer temperatures than air.</p

Maps showing the differences between local air temperatures and the WorldClim interpolated minimum (A) and maximum (B) <i>(Δ Air _L − Air _WC</i>).

<p>Blue colours indicate <i>Δ Air _L</i><b><i>−</i></b><i> Air _WC</i> <0, i.e. area where local air temperatures are cooler than those gave by WorldClim. Red colours indicate <i>Δ Air _L</i><b><i>−</i></b><i> Air _WC</i> >0, i.e. area where air local temperatures are warmer than the ones gave by the WorldClim. White colours <i>Δ Air _L</i><b><i>−</i></b><i> Air _WC</i> = 0 indicate areas where air WorldClim temperatures equate air local temperatures (±1°C). The extent and position of each square is equal to the spatial resolution of the WorldClim database: 30-arc sec that is the equivalent of 0.86 km² for the study area. Temperatures in storages were obtained from <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0105541#pone.0105541-CrespoPerez1" target="_blank">[26]</a>.</p

Results of the two-way ANOVA with a Bonferroni correction on the effects of habitat, elevation, LAI and elevation × LAI terms on daytime and nigh-time DFT amplitudes and thermal time lag on inside-canopy and soil temperature time series.

<p><b>Bold*</b> indicates significant results (P<0.05).</p

Thermal time lag from Fourier transforms at the daily frequency for canopy (A) and soil temperatures (B) as a function of elevation and leaf area index.

<p>The z-axis (log+1 transformed) is expressed in minutes (A) and in hours (B).</p

Fit of temperature time series with discrete Fourier transforms at the daily frequency <i>K_d</i>.

<p>Air temperatures are in blue, crop canopy temperatures are in green and soil temperatures are in brown.</p

COI-based phylogenetic relationships of <i>Spodoptera</i> species.

<p>The tree on the left summarizes the results of ML analyses while the tree on the right summarizes the results of BI analyses. Black dots indicate nodes supported by bootstrap values ≥ 70% (ML tree) or supported by posterior probability ≥ 0.95 (BI tree).</p

Putative species clusters corresponding to: (i) morphological delineations (column 1); (ii) PTP analyses using either the majority-rule consensus topology resulting from the BI analyses (column 2) or the best tree from the ML analyses (column 3); (iii) GMYC analyses based either on a strict clock and a BD model (column 4) or on a UCLN clock and a BD model (column 5).

<p>The reference tree used here corresponds to the tree resulting from the BI analyses carried out with MrBayes.</p

List of evidences arguing in favor of a high level of differentiation between the two FAW strains.

<p>As indicated by the combination of pros and cons some results are more or less contradictory.</p><p>List of evidences arguing in favor of a high level of differentiation between the two FAW strains.</p