Choroidal thickness change during standardized Valsalva maneuver.

<p>Enhanced depth imaging (EDI) scan aligned to axis connecting fovea and center of optic disc in 22-year-old male. Note that adaptive compensation was performed to enhance choroid visibility. Choroidal thickness was defined as the vertical distance between the outer border of the retinal pigment epithelium and the inner surface of the sclera. The peripapillary chorodidal thickness was measured at the point 250 μm temporally from the termination of the Bruch’s membrane openings (BMO). The subfoveal choroidal thickness (A) was 336 μm at baseline and 324 μm during the standardized Valsalva maneuver. The peripapillary choroidal thickness (B) was 154 μm at baseline and 146 μm during the standardized Valsalva maneuver.</p

Optic nerve head parameters change during standardized Valsalva maneuver.

<p>Optic nerve head parameters change during standardized Valsalva maneuver.</p

Distribution of anterior lamina cribrosa depth change during standardized Valsalva maneuver.

<p>The histogram presents the distribution of the anterior LC depth change during the standardized Valsalva maneuver. Twenty-nine eyes (60.4%) showed significant anterior displacement of the LC during the standardized Valsalva maneuver. Only three eyes (6.3%) showed posterior displacement (10.0–17.0 μm). The vertical red dotted line depicts the 1.96-times intersession SD of the OCT measurements (22.5 μm).</p

Anterior lamina cribrosa depth, neural canal opening diameter, and choroidal thickness change during standardized Valsalva maneuver.

<p>Anterior lamina cribrosa depth, neural canal opening diameter, and choroidal thickness change during standardized Valsalva maneuver.</p

Demographics of the subjects.

<p>Demographics of the subjects.</p

Anterior displacement of lamina cribrosa (LC) during standardized Valsalva maneuver.

<p>Enhanced depth imaging (EDI) optic disc scan of 26-year-old healthy male (A) at baseline and (B) during standardized Valsalva maneuver. Note that adaptive compensation was performed to enhance lamina cribrosa (LC) visibility. The anterior LC depth (LCD) was defined as the maximal distance between the reference plane connecting the Bruch’s membrane openings (BMO) and the anterior LC surface. The LCD decreased from 607 μm at baseline to 563 μm during the Valsalva maneuver, while the intraocular pressure (IOP) increased from 14 mmHg at baseline to 17 mmHg.</p

Patient demographics.

<p>Patient demographics.</p

Factors associated with increased vertical-horizontal ALID difference.

<p>Factors associated with increased vertical-horizontal ALID difference.</p

Representative swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) B-scans of optic discs in high-tension glaucoma (HTG), normal-tension glaucoma (NTG), and healthy eyes.

<p>Horizontal (A, C, E) and vertical (B, D, F) optic disc scans of HTG (A, B), NTG (C, D) and healthy eye (E, F). The image delineated with yellow guidelines is the same as that depicted to the left. The area shaded with yellow depicts the degree of posterior bowing of the lamina cribrosa (LC) according to the level of anterior laminar insertion depth (white solid line). (A, B) Optic disc scans of 65-year-old male with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). His baseline intraocular pressure (IOP) was 45 mmHg, and his IOP at examination was 11 mmHg. The overall anterior laminar insertion depth (ALID) was 381.8 μm, the overall mean LC depth (mLCD) was 484.4 μm, and the overall LC curvature index was 102.7 μm. (C, D) Optic disc scans of 65-year-old male with POAG. His baseline IOP was 18 mmHg, and his IOP at examination was 13 mmHg. The ALID was 290.3 μm, the mLCD was 359.9 μm, and the overall LC curvature index was 69.6 μm. (E, F) Optic disc scans of healthy 46-year-old male. His IOP at examination was 13 mmHg. The ALID was 152.6 μm, the mLCD was 146.9 μm, and the overall LC curvature index was –5.7 μm.</p

Relationship between age and vertical-horizontal ALID difference among HTG, NTG, and healthy eyes.

<p>The relationship between age and vertical-horizontal ALID difference is shown, with points colored according to their diagnosis. Regression lines are shown according to the diagnosis. The NTG eyes showed a greater age-dependent relationship than did the HTG or healthy eyes.</p