Frequency distributions of variables related to HPV-related perceptions (N = 542).

*<p>Appropriate response.</p>†<p>Number of affirmative responses (very high/high).</p

Associations between factors related to HPV/HPV vaccine and the intention to take up HPV vaccines in the next six month (given efficacies and price of $1000–2000 per shot and 3 shots within in the next six months; N = 542).

*<p>p<0.05;</p>**<p>p<0.01;</p>***<p>p<0.001,</p>†<p>0.05</p><p>Univariately non-significant variables were not listed in this table.</p><p>ORu: univariate odds ratios.</p><p>AOR: adjusted OR, odds ratios adjusting for all multivariately significant background variables listed in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0057204#pone-0057204-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>, including peer education and UAI with any male partner.</p><p>95% CI: 95% confidence interval.</p

Associations between composite cognitive indicator variables) and intention to take up HPV vaccines in the next six months (given efficacies and the market price of $1000–2000 per shot and three shots be taken within six months; N = 542).

*<p>p<0.05;</p>**<p>p<0.01.</p><p>–: Univariately non-significant variables, not considered in the model.</p><p>ORu: univariate odds ratios.</p><p>AOR: adjusted OR: odds ratios adjusting for all multivariately significant background variables listed in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0057204#pone-0057204-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>, including peer education and UAI with any male partner.</p><p>95% CI: 95% confidence interval.</p><p>Composite variables that were not significant in the univariate analysis were not tabulated (number of appropriate response related to knowledge on HPV vaccines, perceived benefits of HPV vaccines preventing and treating diseases related to HPV and perceived self-efficacy on taking up HPV vaccines).</p

Alcohol Tax Policy and Related Mortality. An Age-Period-Cohort Analysis of a Rapidly Developed Chinese Population, 1981–2010

<div><p>To delineate the temporal dynamics between alcohol tax policy changes and related health outcomes, this study examined the age, period and cohort effects on alcohol-related mortality in relation to changes in government alcohol policies. We used the age-period-cohort modeling to analyze retrospective mortality data over 30 years from 1981 to 2010 in a rapidly developed Chinese population, Hong Kong. Alcohol-related mortality from 1) chronic causes, 2) acute causes, 3) all (chronic+acute) causes and 4) causes 100% attributable to alcohol, as defined according to the Alcohol-Related Disease Impact (ARDI) criteria developed by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, were examined. The findings illustrated the possible effects of alcohol policy changes on adult alcohol-related mortality. The age-standardized mortality trends were generally in decline, with fluctuations that coincided with the timing of the alcohol policy changes. The age-period-cohort analyses demonstrated possible temporal dynamics between alcohol policy changes and alcohol-related mortality through the period effects, and also generational impact of alcohol policy changes through the cohort effects. Based on the illustrated association between the dramatic increase of alcohol imports in the mid-1980s and the increased alcohol-related mortality risk of the generations coming of age of majority at that time, attention should be paid to generations coming of drinking age during the 2007–2008 duty reduction.</p></div

Total per capita imports of alcoholic beverages ($ at current market prices) for Hong Kong population aged 20 or above, 1961–2010.

<p>Total per capita imports of alcoholic beverages ($ at current market prices) for Hong Kong population aged 20 or above, 1961–2010.</p

Age-standardized alcohol-related mortality rates in Hong Kong, 1981–2010, among men (dashed line), women (dotted line) and both sexes (solid line) for A) chronic causes, B) acute causes, C) all (chronic and acute) causes, and D) 100% attributable causes.

<p>Age-standardized alcohol-related mortality rates in Hong Kong, 1981–2010, among men (dashed line), women (dotted line) and both sexes (solid line) for A) chronic causes, B) acute causes, C) all (chronic and acute) causes, and D) 100% attributable causes.</p

Parameter estimates and 95% confidence intervals of age effect of alcohol-related mortality among men (left-hand panels) and women (right-hand panels) for A) chronic causes, B) acute causes, C) all (chronic and acute) causes, and D) 100% attributable causes in Hong Kong, 1976–2010.

<p>Parameter estimates and 95% confidence intervals of age effect of alcohol-related mortality among men (left-hand panels) and women (right-hand panels) for A) chronic causes, B) acute causes, C) all (chronic and acute) causes, and D) 100% attributable causes in Hong Kong, 1976–2010.</p

Parameter estimates and 95% confidence intervals of period (triangles) and cohort (circles) effects of alcohol-related mortality among men (left-hand panels) and women (right-hand panels) for A) chronic causes, B) acute causes, C) all (chronic and acute) causes, and D) 100% attributable causes in Hong Kong, 1976–2010.

<p>Parameter estimates and 95% confidence intervals of period (triangles) and cohort (circles) effects of alcohol-related mortality among men (left-hand panels) and women (right-hand panels) for A) chronic causes, B) acute causes, C) all (chronic and acute) causes, and D) 100% attributable causes in Hong Kong, 1976–2010.</p

Generation and sampling of nanoscale infectious viral aerosols

<p>Airborne viruses represent a potentially significant health threat. However, only recently have researchers begun to characterize the size and infectivity of viral bioaerosols in the nanoscale size range. There are limitations in the generation of test viral aerosols and the ability to sample with acceptable efficiency. Reported here is use of a laminar-flow water condensation method to efficiently sample nanoscale bioaerosols to sizes well below 100 nm. We used MS2 bacteriophage in water to provide an aerosol with particles sizes from 300 nm down to 45 nm for sampling by both an all-glass impinger (4 mm; AGI-4) and the water condensation bioaerosol sampler. We demonstrated the existence of infectious viral particles below 100 nm and a higher collection efficiency by the water condensation sampler compared to the AGI-4 at nanoscale sizes. For example, the water condensation bioaerosol sampler that collected particles at 45 nm in diameter had 20 times more infective virions per collected particle compared to the AGI-4. However, when we corrected the AGI-4 data for particle size–dependent collection efficiency, the results were similar. We also used quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, along with culturing for infectivity to determine the percent infectivity of the aerosol by particle size. Finally, we used a simple calculation to determine that a large fraction of sub-100 nm particles did not contain infectious virus because of the low titer concentration of virus in the Collison fluid.</p> <p>© 2016 RTI International</p