47 research outputs found

    L’Esthétique du jeu cruel dans la tragédie domestique élisabéthaine et jacobéenne

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    Dans cette communication seront passées en revue les différentes formes de jeu présentes dans la tragédie domestique : jeu de cartes, jeu de dés, jeu de trictrac, jeu des armes, jeu de chasse. Certaines activités ludiques étaient parfois connotées négativement. Ainsi la figure du « fils prodigue », possédé par le démon du jeu, devient récurrente dans le drame domestique : elle s’incarne dans le sinistre héros de A Yorkshire Tragedy, jouet d’un destin qu’il ne contrôle plus. Il est victime du jeu, cause de sa perdition et de celle de sa famille. Le personnage et l’accessoire scénique symbolisant sa déchéance, le dé, ne font plus qu’un. Le lexique, mais aussi le jeu de l’acteur, reflètent la condition du héros damné. À travers le jeu de société se déploie tout un jeu verbal où le sens des mots se dédouble. Le jeu de cartes devient jeu sexuel dans la tragédie de Heywood A Woman Killed with Kindness, alors que, dans la grande tragédie anonyme Arden of Faversham, le jeu de dés permet aux personnages malfaisants de jouer avec la vie de leurs semblables. Mais le jeu n’est-il pas avant tout d’ordre esthétique ? Certes, dans le jeu de la chasse sont mises en scène les relations entre dominant chasseur et proie chassée, comme dans Two Tragedies in One. Mais le dramaturge développe parallèlement une esthétique poétique : Robert Yarington joue des échos et des effets de miroir, par l’introduction de doubles. Mis en abyme dans une scène, le motif de la chasse se mue alors en une ample métaphore où le jeu de création artistique n’est pas incompatible avec une vision sombre du monde.This paper examines the various types of games to be found in domestic tragedy: cards, dice, backgammon (tables), arms games, hunting game. Some play activities could be fraught with negative connotations. For instance the figure of the « prodigal son », possessed by his passion for gambling, becomes recurrent in domestic drama. It is embodied in the gruesome hero of A Yorkshire Tragedy who is the plaything of an uncontrollable fate, and whose gaming passion brings about his and his family’s ruin. As the drama unfolds, the spectator witnesses the merging of the character and the stage property of the dice which is the symbol of his downfall. The vocabulary and the actor’s performance mirror the damned character’s plight. With parlour games is triggered off some verbal playing with double meaning puns. In A Woman Killed with Kindness, the cards game becomes sexual while in the great anonymous tragedy, Arden of Faversham, dice playing enables the wicked characters to sport with the hero’s life. The game is also an aesthetic one. With hunting are staged the relationships between the dominating hunter and the hunted prey, as is the case in Two Tragedies in One. But at the same time the playwright, Robert Yarington, develops a poetic and aesthetic strategy as he plays with echoes and mirror effects by introducing doubles. The hunting motif is inset in a scene, and then becomes a pervasive metaphor in the tragedy where artistic creation results in a gloomy vision of the world

    Improving estimates of water demand at scheme level using knowledge on farmers' practices

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    International audienceAccurate estimation of water demand at the irrigation scheme scale is a key requirement for water management, which is made difficult by the large diversity of crops and production systems. The main objective of this study was to estimate irrigation water demand at the farm scale, taking different types of knowledge into account: (i) database study, where water demand is supposed to be the supply (L0); (ii) actual cropping pattern (L1),; (iii) actual irrigation techniques and cropping pattern (L2); and (iv) actual irrigation practices, actual irrigation techniques, and cropping pattern (L3). Farm typology makes easy this estimation as it takes into account various farm characteristics. Firstly, a farm typology was established based on 115 farms surveyed in the irrigation scheme of Borj Toumi Toungar (Tunisia), selected for the study. Secondly, climatic crop water irrigation requirements were estimated using the agro-meteorological water balance model Pilote. Typology results were used to estimate water demand at the scale of family farms taking into account different levels of knowledge Six classes of farming areas were identified based on irrigation subsystems, cropping pattern (fruit tree area, cropping vegetable area and field crop area), intensification crop level and cropped surface. Results showed that supply could not entirely cover the climatic water demand. However, it could nearly meet actual water demand at the farm scale. According to the water demand estimation at different levels, results showed that there were few changes in water demand at farm scale when moving from L1 to L2. At the opposite, actual water demand (L3) represented about half the climatic water demand (L2). Calculations based on farm classes highlighted the importance of actual farm practices. Within the same class, the difference between water demand estimation at different levels of knowledge was remarkable. Network rehabilitation is thus necessary to enable farmers to increase water delivered to crops and limit water stress; the collective network was conceived to deliver a flow of 0.34 l/s/ha in this sector. Given changes in farming and varietal choices, this flow proved insufficient to face the climatic water demand

    SPFC: a tool to improve water management and hay production in the Crau region

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    Correspondance: [email protected] ; UMR SYSTEM Ă©quipe CONSYSTThis article deals with the development and application of SPFC, a model used to improve water and grassland production (HC) in this region of France. This model is composed of two sub-models: an irrigation model and a crop model. As the fields are border irrigated, these two sub-models are coupled. The crop model simulates dry matter, Leaf Area Index (LAI) and soil water reserve (SWR) variations. LAI and SWR are both used for border model updating: SWR for the deficit of saturation required by the infiltration equation and LAI for the roughness coefficient n. After calibration and validation, SPFC is then used to identify realistic management strategies for the irrigation and production system at the plot level. By scheduling irrigation when SWR is 50% depleted, would result in a low Dry Matter DM production loss (around 10%), reduced labour (8 irrigation events instead of 11) and in significant water saving compared with farmers' practices, on the basis of an average climatic scenario. Furthermore, this improvement of irrigation efficiency is not incompatible with groundwater recharge used for the potable water supply of the region

    Effet du déficit hydrique sur la croissance, le rendement et l'efficience d'utilisation de l'eau chez le bersim (Trifolium alexandrinum) au Tadla

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    The study of crop response to water deficit is important in areas where water resources are limited. This study was carried out over the period 2008-2011 in order to study the effect of water deficit on the productivity of berseem in the Tadla region. Four water regimes (100 %, 80 %, 60 % and 40 % ETc) were compared under both flood and drip irrigation techniques. Observations were made on the soil, biomass at each cut and root system. The results showed that the average annual maximum yield obtained was 16.2 t.ha-1. Reductions in yields by applying 60 % of water inputs are 40 % and 42 % in 2009/10 and 2010/11, respectively. The contribution of cycles without irrigation to annual biomass yield varies from 35 % under 100 % ETc to 52% under 40 % ETc. Water use efficiency of berseem over the over the entire crop period is 3.37 kg.m-3. The maximum average yield obtained under drip irrigation was 15.7 t / ha. It was obtained with a water supply of 411 mm which allowed a saving of 57 % of water supply versus flood irrigation technique.  Key words:  Berseem, water stress, flood irrigation, drip irrigation, water use efficiency, Morocco.L’étude de la rĂ©ponse des cultures au dĂ©ficit hydrique est importante dans les zones oĂą les ressources en eau sont limitĂ©es. Cette Ă©tude a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e sur la pĂ©riode 2008-2011 dans l’objectif d’étudier l’effet du dĂ©ficit hydrique sur la productivitĂ© du bersim dans le pĂ©rimètre de Tadla. Quatre rĂ©gimes hydriques (100 %, 80 %, 60 % et 40 % ETc) ont Ă©tĂ© comparĂ©s sous les deux techniques d’irrigation gravitaire et localisĂ©e. Les observations ont portĂ© sur le sol, la biomasse Ă  chaque coupe et le système racinaire. Les rĂ©sultats ont montrĂ© que le rendement annuel maximal moyen obtenu est de 16,2 t.ha-1. Les rĂ©ductions de rendements en appliquant 60% des apports en eau sont de 40 et 42 % en 2009/10 et 2010/11 respectivement. La contribution des cycles sans irrigation au rendement annuel varie de 35 % sous le rĂ©gime 100 % ETc Ă  52 % sous 40 % ETc. L’efficience d’utilisation de l’eau du bersim sur toute la pĂ©riode de culture est de 3,37 kg.m-3. Le rendement moyen maximal obtenu sous le goutte Ă  goutte est de 15,7 t/ha. Il a Ă©tĂ© obtenu avec un apport en eau de 411 mm, ce qui a permis une Ă©conomie d’eau de 57 % par rapport au gravitaire. Mots clĂ© : Bersim, dĂ©ficit hydrique, irrigation gravitaire, micro irrigation, efficience d’utilisation de l’eau, Maroc.&nbsp

    Stéréotypes et idées reçues autour du poison dans la littérature élisabéthaine

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    La citation extraite de la tragédie Le pacte du diable, évoque le motif du poison traité sur le plan réaliste, mais aussi ses prolongements ou glissements métaphoriques provoqués par le jeu sur le lexique, car ce thème tragique au départ est souvent un prétexte permettant aux auteurs de se livrer à des exercices spirituels de manipulation du langage. En raison du ton badin, les derniers instants de Baglioni relèvent autant de la comédie que de la tragédie. Du meurtre par empoisonnement, le ju..
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