Anna J. Cooper Je Meurs Ou Je un Attache

https://dh.howard.edu/ajc_picsandmem/1016/thumbnail.jp

Comment on "On the Crooks fluctuation theorem and the Jarzynski equality" [J. Chem. Phys. 129, 091101 (2008)]

It has recently been argued that a self-consistency condition involving the Jarzynski equality (JE) and the Crooks fluctuation theorem (CFT) is violated for a simple Brownian process [L. Y. Chen, J. Chem. Phys. 129, 091101 (2008)]. This note adopts the definitions in the original formulation of the JE and CFT and demonstrates the contrary.Comment: 2 page

Assessing the contribution of vegetation to slope stability

Many embankments and cuttings associated with the transportation infrastructure in the UK are only marginally stable. Engineering techniques such as soil nailing, geosynthetic reinforcement, improved drainage and ground improvement by stabilisation are available to improve stability but the cost can be high. A lower cost solution may be to utilise vegetation, either self seeded or planted. The benefits and drawbacks associated with vegetation have been the subject of some debate. The problems caused by vegetation in relation to building foundations are well documented and confirm that vegetation can have very significant influences on geotechnical parameters. Appropriate properly maintained vegetation can have the same significant influence to help provide additional stability to soil slopes. This paper considers the potential engineering influences of vegetation and how it can be characterised on site within a geotechnical framework for stability assessments. The direct reinforcement available from the roots of trees and shrubs is identified as providing one of the most significant contributions to slope stability. Case studies in the UK, Greece and Italy demonstrate how results from in-situ root pull out tests may be used to estimate the potential reinforcement forces available from the roots. A scheme is presented to designate zones of influence within the soil according to the size and nature of the vegetation

Neki podaci o virusu mozaika lobode izoliranom iz vrste Chenopodium murale u Jugoslaviji

A virus (SMV-J) in Chenopodium murale collected near Nova Gra- diska (Yugoslavia) was found to be an isolate of sowbane mosaic virus (SMV). The virus was transmitted to 8 species of Chenopodiaceae but it failed to infect 7 species of plants from other families. The virus was isolated and purified. Electron microscope analyses revealed isometric virus particles about 30 nm in size. SMV-J was transmitted readily through seed; 32% of the seeds of diseased plants produced infected seedlings. The virus has a thermal inactivation point at about 93°C. It remained active in vitro more than 2 months. An immune serum against SMV-J was prepared. The serological tests performed by the agar gel double diffusion test and the intragel absorption test showed that SMV-J is indistinguishable from the American strain of SMV. In addition, SMV-J did not differ serologically from SMV isolate found in grapevine in YugoslaviaNa primjercima vrste Chenopodium murale koji su sabrani u okolici N. Gradiške nađen je virus (SMV-J), koji predstavlja izolat virusa mozaika lobode (sowbane mosaic virus, SMV). Virus je prenijet na osam vrsta iz porodice Chenopodiaceae, ali ga nismo uspjeli prenijeti na sedam vrsta koje pripadaju drugim biljnim porodicama. Virus je izoliran i purificiran prema metodi Steere (1959). Elektronskomikroskopskom analizom purificirane virusne suspenzije nađene su izometrične virusne čestice promjera oko 30 nm. SMV-J lako se prenosi sjemenom vrste C. murale. Iz 32°/o sjemenaka, sabranih u polju na inficiranoj biljci, nikle su zaražene biljke. Termalna točka inaktivacije istraživanog virusa je oko 93 °C, a može postojati in vitro više od 2 mjeseca. Krajnja točka razrjeđenja mu je oko 10-7. Protiv SMV-J priređen je imuni serum. Serološki pokusi izvedeni metodom dvostruke difuzije u agarskom gelu te metodom unakrsnog zasićavanja u agaru pokazali su da se SMV-J ne razlikuje od američkog soja virusa mozaika lobode (SMV-A). On se od SMV-A ne razlikuje niti po elektroforetskoj pokretljivosti. Osim toga SMV-J se serološki ne razlikuje niti od izolata SMV koji je nađen u vinovoj lozi u Jugoslaviji