Determination of proper gamma radiation dose for creating variation in Indian garlic varieties

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) an important neutraceutical crop. It is used as traditional medicine to aid digestion, respiration, parasitic infestation and to treat leprosy and various other diseases. But biologically garlic is sterile in nature hence for creating variation; traditional breeding methods are not applicable. Further clonal propagation method leads garlic more prone for various seed and soil borne diseases including virus infection. And natural genetic variation in morphological as well as biochemical traits is limited in garlic. Considering this is in view, among various methods of creating variation, treating bulbs with radiation is simple and easy technique. Main activity of mutation breeding using gamma radiation is to determine optimum dose (LD-50). Hence in present experiment, two garlic varieties were subjected to gamma radiation treatments (0, 1, 5, 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100 gray). Aim of this experiment is to identify LD-50 dose and then generate variation in garlic like increase in bulb size, bulb shape, high neutraceutical compounds like allicin etc. In results, both treated varieties recorded 50 percent germination at dose 10 grays as LD-50. Further on basis of survival of plantlets and final matured plants count, optimum gamma radiation dose of 5 gray for Bhima Omkar and in between 5 to 10 gray for Bhima Purple is identified as LD-50 respectively. In case of Bhima Purple, there is further need to screen the population for exact dose value of LD-50. All other morphological traits in both varieties recorded decreasing trend with increase in radiation doses. However no significant alterations observed visually in any treatment. This optimized radiation dose will be helpful for subjecting other genotypes for getting mutants and generating diversity in garlic which may have high neutracutical compounds and would suitable for processing and export

Characterization of <em>Allium</em> germplasms for conservation and sustainable management using SSR markers

193-199Allium species are very important due to their medicinal values. Quercetin and allicin are medicinally important compound of onion and garlic, respectively which are proved useful to treat various diseases. However, highly heterozygous nature, self-incompatibility and long gestation period limits genetic improvement of Allium species. Further, the existing germplasms in Indian subcontinents are largely cultivated ones with poor genetic characterization, which limits the germplasm conservation and future management. A total of thirty polymorphic Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs) were utilized for characterisation of popular onion germplasms and their cross-transferability revealed relatedness with fifteen garlic and wild relatives. Average number of alleles per SSR locus, PIC and heterozygosity was found to be 3.9, 0.51 and 0.57,respectively.Overall genetic diversity recorded was higher in wild relative compared to cultivated A. cepa, possibly because most of the A. cepa variety is derived by domestication but wild relatives are open pollinated and undergoes extensive gene pool shuffling leading to higher heterogeneity. In this study, SSR markers were successfully utilized to assess genetic variations in popular Indian A. cepa, A. sativum and establish genetic relationships with wild Allium species. These markers can be harnessed for molecular breeding, varietal identification and planning germplasm conservation strategies in future

Thermotherapy of cloves for in-vitro mericlone production for healthy and sustainable management of garlic germplasm

Garlic is second most important crop of the genus Allium, known for its traditional medicinal uses. In spite of having medicinal prosperities, it gets infected by several viruses called as garlic viral complex. The garlic viral complex severely affects bulb yield of garlic, due to accumulation of virus load year after year from asexual propagule. Hence we attempted experiment to eliminated garlic viral complex through thermotherapy in combination with meristem culture. The viruses were eliminated from infected garlic bulb with the treatment at 37 OC for 90 day could eliminate the Garlic Common Latent Virus, Onion Yellow Dwarf Virus and Allexiviruses. In this study we confounded that the combination of thermotherapy and meristem culture technique protocal have wider prospects for virus elimination in garlic

Ethno-veterinary medicinal uses of garlic (allium sativum) by livestock rearer

Garlic (Allium Sativum) is used as an important ingredient in the traditional veterinary ethno-medicine since long time among the folk communities. The knowledge of the use of garlic individually or additively with other ingredients is scattered in different regions as well as literatures. The study was undertaken to screen the ITKs available in the different sources in which the use of Garlic is predominant in ethno-veterinary practices and validate these ITKs with the experts. The validation of ITK was done with 30 experts for their relevance in scientific scenario. The responses of experts for validation were taken on 3-point validity continuum. Out of 47 formulations of garlic with other herbal additives, 57.44 per cent were claimed to have the score above 120 out of 150, shows their wider applicability and validity in ethnoveterinary practice. Ethno-veterinary use of Garlic was found for curing cough, cold, fever, urinary problems like oliguria &amp; anuria, bloat, foot and mouth disease, pleuropneumonia, otalgia, dog bite, snake bite, trembling, respiratory system disorder like pleuritis and pneumonia, yoke gall, bone fracture, flatulence, wounds and gangrene. Due to allicin and other sulfur compounds, garlic has antibiotic, antibacterial and antimycotic properties. As garlic is readily available in every household can be a cost effective first aid or emergency prescription to the livestock rearer who have no immediate access to modern veterinary facilities

Assessment of indigenous technical knowledge on uses of Alliums in plant protection

Traditional indigenous pest and disease management practices followed by Indian farmers were environment friendly, economical and largely non-hazardous to human health. Nevertheless, indiscriminate use of chemical pesticides in today’s modern agriculture has resulted in health hazards, development of insecticide resistance in pests and environmental pollution. Among the traditional practices, the extracts of onion and garlic were effective in indigenous pest management practices. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to document and validate the Indigenous Technical Knowledge (ITK) on ethnobotanical uses of onion and garlic in crop protection practices. The validation of the ITKs was done with 30 experts from the relevant scientific field. Present study revealed that among 36 formulations which were measured on 150 validity score, 30.56% had the validity score above 120, whereas 61.11% scored between 100 to 120. These results showed their wider applicability as pesticide and fungicide to protect various vegetables, cereals, pulses and commercial crops from biological stresses. In vitro standardization of formulation is necessary for effective application on targeted pest. Popularization and commercialization of these ITKs can be a boost for residue free food production.

Variability and genetic diversity among selfed lines (S1) of onion (Allium cepa L.)

Onion is a highly cross-pollinated crop, high variability could possibly come from traditional seed production by out-crossing or by open pollination and it could lead to more diversity and variation. The high phenotypic, genotypic variation coefficients reveal high-quantifiable variation of traits in S1 lines. Selection of lowest premature bolting and split bulbs producing genotypes, least incidence of purple blotch incidence and thrips incidence with the highest weight of ten bulbs and maximum plot yielding genotypes were more appropriate for genetic improvement of onion. The traits aided the yield witnessed high traits heritability (h2) and maximum genetic-advance-mean (GAM) and isolation of S1 lines in terms of selection indices fixed for higher values of measurement. Whereas traits like premature bolting, split bulbs, purple blotch incidence, thrips incidence and were selected at least values although these traits were high heritability (h2) and GAM could contribute for additive-gene-action and hence it indicates the straight mass selection be more effective for genetic improvement of onion genotypes or lines. The genetic distance was highly flanked by Cluster-II and –IV groups and was highly divergent. Hence, the selection of parental lines from these groups is more appropriate for traditional heterosis breeding

Assessment of indigenous technical knowledge on uses of Alliums in plant protection

496-504Traditional indigenous pest and disease management practices followed by Indian farmers were environment friendly, economical and largely non-hazardous to human health. Nevertheless, indiscriminate use of chemical pesticides in today’s modern agriculture has resulted in health hazards, development of insecticide resistance in pests and environmental pollution. Among the traditional practices, the extracts of onion and garlic were effective in indigenous pest management practices. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to document and validate the Indigenous Technical Knowledge (ITK) on ethnobotanical uses of onion and garlic in crop protection practices. The validation of the ITKs was done with 30 experts from the relevant scientific field. Present study revealed that among 36 formulations which were measured on 150 validity score, 30.56% had the validity score above 120, whereas 61.11% scored between 100 to 120. These results showed their wider applicability as pesticide and fungicide to protect various vegetables, cereals, pulses and commercial crops from biological stresses. In vitro standardization of formulation is necessary for effective application on targeted pest. Popularization and commercialization of these ITKs can be a boost for residue free food production

Validation of ethno-veterinary medicinal practices of onion (Allium cepa L.) Onion (Allium cepa) is an important medicinal herb apart from its culinary uses. It has wide array of uses in ethnoveterinary medicine since long time. The study was conducted to review, document and validate the ethno-veterinary practices in which onion is dominant constituent. The validation of the ethno-veterinary practices was done with 30 experts from the relevant scientific field. The responses of experts for validation were taken on three-point validity continuum. Among the 58 formulations 27.58 per cent were claimed to have the score above 120 and 55.17 per cent were scored between 100 to 120 out of 150, shows their wider applicability and validity in ethno-veterinary practice. The results showed that onions have a wide array of uses in ethno-veterinary practices, ranging from treating gastro-intestinal problems like tympany, indigestion, bloat to proven insecticidal antiparasitic, repellant and antiseptic actions with different dosage and formulations. Onion is effective on various diseases due to unique combination of different compounds including fructans, flavonoids and organosulfur compounds. Validated practices of onion in ethno-veterinary medicine may be useful particularly among poor or remote livestock rearer who can neither afford nor may access expensive or distant conventional healthcare options.

Onion (Allium cepa) is an important medicinal herb apart from its culinary uses. It has wide array of uses in ethno-veterinary medicine since long time. The study was conducted to review, document and validate the ethno-veterinary practices in which onion is a dominant constituent. The validation of the ethno-veterinary practices was done with 30 experts from the relevant scientific field. The responses of experts for validation were taken on a three-point validity continuum. Among the 58 combinations of ingredients, 27.58% scored above 120 and 55.17% were scored ranging 100 to 120 out of 150, showing their wider applicability and validity in ethno-veterinary practices. The results showed that onions have a wide array of uses in ethno-veterinary practices, ranging from treating gastro-intestinal problems like tympany, indigestion and bloat to proven insecticidal anti-parasitic, repellant and antiseptic actions with different dosage and formulations. Onion is effective on various diseases due to unique combination of different compounds including fructans, flavonoids and organosulfur compounds. Validated practices of onion in ethno-veterinary medicine may be useful particularly among poor or remote livestock rearers who can neither afford nor may access expensive or distant conventional healthcare options

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Not AvailableTo unravel the molecular mechanism of defense against blister blight (BB) disease caused by an obligate biotrophic fungus, Exobasidium vexans, transcriptome of BB interaction with resistance and susceptible tea genotypes was analysed through RNA-seq using Illumina GAIIx at four different stages during ~20-day disease cycle. Approximately 69 million high quality reads were assembled de novo, yielding 37,790 unique transcripts with more than 55% being functionally annotated. Differentially expressed, 149 defense related transcripts/genes, namely defense related enzymes, resistance genes, multidrug resistant transporters, transcription factors, retrotransposons, metacaspases and chaperons were observed in RG, suggesting their role in defending against BB. Being present in the major hub, putative master regulators among these candidates were identified from predetermined protein-protein interaction network of Arabidopsis thaliana. Further, confirmation of abundant expression of well-known RPM1, RPS2 and RPP13 in quantitative Real Time PCR indicates salicylic acid and jasmonic acid, possibly induce synthesis of antimicrobial compounds, required to overcome the virulence of E. vexans. Compendiously, the current study provides a comprehensive gene expression and insights into the molecular mechanism of tea defense against BB to serve as a resource for unravelling the possible regulatory mechanism of immunity against various biotic stresses in tea and other crops.Not Availabl