Ratio of CSF to serum chemokine levels in normal patients as well as the relationship to molecular size.

<p>A). Ratio of the CSF to serum chemokine concentrations for normal controls. B). Relationship between the molecular weight of the analyte and the CSF/serum ratio (only normal subjects). Only CCL21 and CXCL12 are plotted and CXCL9, CXCL13 and CCL19 would roughly overlay these values. Chemokines were assumed to be dimeric, BAFF trimeric, IgG dimeric, IgA tetrameric and IgM pentameric. Values above the line are consistent with local CNS production. C). Corresponding Ig indices for the different cohorts. </p

Comparison of the levels of the inflammatory chemokines in serum and CSF.

<p>(A) Concentrations of CXCL9, CXCL10, and CCL2 and (B) the cytokine BAFF are plotted as in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0081007#pone-0081007-g002" target="_blank">Figure 2</a>. </p

Trend analyses for each analyte for those individuals with two CSF samples.

<p>Both EX-RRMS and SPMS patients are grouped in the same graph.</p

Comparison of the levels of the lymphoid chemokines CXCL12, CXCL13, CCL19 and CCL21 in serum and CSF.

<p>Chemokine concentrations are plotted with box and whiskers (10-90% range) overlaid on the scatter plots (each patient is a symbol). The CSF/serum ratio is presented on the right side. Data are shown for normal controls (NC), relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), RRMS patients with acute exacerbations (EX-RRMS) and secondary progressive MS patients (SPMS). In those cases with EX-RRMS (9), SPMS (11) and RRMS (2) patients with second lumbar punctures, data from both samples are included. Statistical significance was assessed using only the baseline data and is indicated by asterisks at the bottom of each graph (ANOVA). Data at the lower limit of quantitation were excluded from the ratio plots. </p

Comparison of three different assays to quantitate CXCL13 in CSF.

<p>“ELISA” refers to a commercial kit (R&D), the “Luminex” is a custom chemokine multiplex assay and Immuno-PCR refers to the ELISA with PCR based quantitation. Samples from all four cohorts of patients are included. The low limit of quantitation (LLOQ) was determined for CXCL13 in CSF and is not the buffer-based assay performance. </p

Relationship between the CSF lymphoid and inflammatory scores for MS patients and healthy normal controls.

<p>Solid circles show the baseline data while open circles are from the repeat lumbar puncture. Lines with arrow heads indicate paired samples from each patient (most MS subjects from the RRMS group did not have two lumbar punctures).</p

Lymphotoxin-LIGHT Pathway Regulates the Interferon Signature in Rheumatoid Arthritis

<div><p>A subset of patients with autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and lupus appear to be exposed continually to interferon (IFN) as evidenced by elevated expression of IFN induced genes in blood cells. In lupus, detection of endogenous chromatin complexes by the innate sensing machinery is the suspected driver for the IFN, but the actual mechanisms remain unknown in all of these diseases. We investigated in two randomized clinical trials the effects on RA patients of baminercept, a lymphotoxin-beta receptor-immunoglobulin fusion protein that blocks the lymphotoxin-αβ/LIGHT axis. Administration of baminercept led to a reduced RNA IFN signature in the blood of patients with elevated baseline signatures. Both RA and SLE patients with a high IFN signature were lymphopenic and lymphocyte counts increased following baminercept treatment of RA patients. These data demonstrate a coupling between the lymphotoxin-LIGHT system and IFN production in rheumatoid arthritis. IFN induced retention of lymphocytes within lymphoid tissues is a likely component of the lymphopenia observed in many autoimmune diseases.</p><p>ClinicalTrials.gov <a href="http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00664716" target="_blank">NCT00664716</a>.</p></div

Blockade of the lymphotoxin-LIGHT pathway with baminercept reduces the blood RNA IFN signature in RA patients.

<p>a). Analysis of the individual baseline IFN scores as determined using the 15 gene microarray data and a three-gene qPCR score showing excellent correlation. b). Analysis of the change in the 3-gene qPCR IFN score as a function of baseline IFN score following 14 weeks of treatment with 200 mg baminercept q2w in TNF-IR patients, significance is calculated using a linear model of change in IFN score as an interaction of baseline IFN score and treatment (placebo or baminercept). The significance for baseline IFN is p = 2×10⁻⁷ and for the interaction term p = 2.3×10⁻⁷. Treatment alone is marginally significant p = 0.0506. c). Change in the qPCR-based IFN score at 14 weeks in patients with low vs. high baseline IFN scores (low <1, high >1). Red boxes represent baminercept (Bam) treated patients receiving either 70 or 200 mg q2w (DMARD-IR) or 200 mg q2w (TNF-IR) while black boxes indicate placebo treated patients; n = 20, 50, 11 and 12 (TNF-IR) and 49, 44, 50, 20, 28, 18 and 38 (DMARD-IR) patients in each category in the order listed. P values are from a Mann-Whitney test of placebo vs. baminercept treated patients.</p

Baminercept induced changes in total blood RNA expression.

<p>Heat map showing the change in gene expression after 14 week of either placebo or baminercept treatment. Patients were forced into 4 groups based on treatment and baseline IFN signature. Each of the three gene clusters defined from initial unsupervised clustering are presented separately. The three clusters are characterized by genes associated with B cells, IFN response or NK cells, although some other genes are also present within each category. List only includes genes whose changes were significant (p<0.05), passed FDR and had greater than a 1.5 fold difference in a separate paired sample analysis.</p

IFN signature positive RA patients are lymphopenic and baminercept treatment resulted in lymphocytosis.

<p>a). Patients were segregated based on low and high microarray IFN scores (<−6.5 and>−4.5) and baseline blood lymphocyte counts are plotted. b). Time course of the effects on absolute lymphocyte counts during 14 weeks of baminercept or placebo treatment (means, +/− SEM). All time points in two highest dosed cohorts in DMARD-IR were significant (p<0.0002), otherwise, significance is indicated by p-values * <0.05, ** <0.01, *** <0.001 and **** <0.0001. c). Patients were grouped into baseline qPCR IFN signature low or high as in Fig. 1c. Percent change in lymphocyte counts following 14 weeks of treatment with placebo or baminercept is plotted (significance Mann-Whitney in all cases).</p