Original Article

The present paper deals with an investigation on the changes appearing in the mucous membrane of the nose (physiologic atrophy) in normal persons of different age groups, as contrasted with a wasting of the mucous mambrane of the nose in cases of atrophic rhinitis. The investigation has been performed for the purpose of contributing to the studies of the pathology of atrophic rhinitis. 1. Pathologic changes of a considerable degree were. observed in the epithelium in quite a large section of infants and children where it had been considered normal as a results of macroscopic examinations. 2. Metaplasia of the epithelial cells developing in the mucous membrane in the forepart of the respiratory region seems to occur as a result of the stimulus applied from without. The phenomenon was marked in the front and along the lower edge of the inferior turbinal, showing a tendency to increase in magnitude as the age advance. It did not, however, spread over a wide area, nor was there any marked development of cornification. An increase in mucus secretion, as well as in the number of goblet cells, was noticed in the epithelium as the age advance. Mucous degeneration gradually set in at the end of forties, becoming marked in the sixties. 4. In the basal membrane, the hyaline layer, which is its secondary form, grew in size with age, and a substance which stains with Hale\u27s stain was detected in it. This substance seems to have an important share in the mucus secreting function of the epithelium. 5. It seems that the epithelium of the mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract continues to function even in considerably advanced ages. 6. The lymphoid tissue situated underneath the epithelium attained the largest quantity in persons about 20 years old; it began to diminish and grow less thick in persons over 40. The presence of the elastic fiber was noticed in the subepithelial layer in all age groups, though the number of persons with this phenomenon was small.7. The glands wers under-developed in children of about 10; they grew rapidly after that age until about 40 when they began to show a tendency to atrophy. 8. It seems that the periglandular lymphocytes, which infiltrate without bringing about the disintegration of the glands, take charge of the metabolism of the glands. A large number of them were found in infancy but they showed a marked decrease in number in persons over about 40. It would seem that, in highly advanced ages, non-inflammatory disintegration of the glands could possibly occur as a result of the infiltration of the lymphoid tissue. 9. The formation of the oncocyte, an unusual cell of the epithelium of the gland which characterizes the old age, was noticed in 7 cases. 10. The blood vessels manifested changes of a high degree in persons of advanced ages: they revealed evidences of functional disturbance of a high degree when stained by the stains of H. E, Weigert, PAS and Hale. This would show the measure of the influence that has been exerted on the function of the mucous membrane. 11. Corpora cavernosa was under-developed in infancy but became well-developed in persons of about 20; a decrease in the number of bodies and a diminution in size of the inner lumen became marked in persons over 40, becoming more marked in persons over 50

Additional file 1: of C9orf72 is differentially expressed in the central nervous system and myeloid cells and consistently reduced in C9orf72, MAPT and GRN mutation carriers

Supplementary Data. Figure S1: Definition of TSSs at the C9orf72 locus; Figure S2: C9orf72 expression changes in challenged CD14+ monocytes. Figure S3: Distinct TSSs expression at C9orf72 locus in CNS, myeloid and lymphoid cells. Figure S4: Sense and antisense C9orf72 transcripts at the C9orf72 locus. Figure S5: Distinct C9orf72 TSSs expression in control brains. Figure S6: C9orf72 expression in adult and fetal cortex. Figure S7: C9orf72 expression level in CD14+ monocytes, brain tissue and microglia. Figure S8: C9orf72 expression in brains of patients with different neurodegenerative diseases. Figure S9: C9orf72 expression in CD14+ monocytes. Suppl. excel File 1: WGCNA results. Suppl. excel File 2: Correlations values between C9orf72 TSS(s) and all the other TSSs in the co-expressed modules. Table S1: Expression of C9orf72 TSSs as defined in CAGEseq dataset 1. Table S2: Expression of C9orf72 TSSs as defined in CAGEseq dataset 2. Table S3: List of primers used in this study. Table S4: Biological functions significant to the three modules related to C9orf72 TSSs as identified by WGCNA. Table S5: Biological functions significant for genes that correlate with C9orf72 TSSs in the WGCNA identified modules. Table S6: Summary of the Mann-Whitney test performed on NRQ values from qPCR experiments on medial frontal gyrus. (ZIP 20675ย�kb