Change in velocity (%) shown by 5dpf zebrafish exposed to different treatments.

<p>Each box shows the lower and upper quartile values and the central horizontal black line indicates the median value. The error bars indicate the variation for the rest of the data and outliers are indicated as white dots. Significant differences between groups and the control groups are indicated with an asterisk (control in the air emersion challenge: CO/AE), a hashtag (control in the alarm pheromone challenge: CO/AP) or a cross (control in the caffeine challenge: CO/CF) (Wilcoxon signed-rank test, P<0.0031).</p

Time spent active shown by 5dpf zebrafish during a 10-minute period before (white boxes) and after (grey boxes) exposure to different treatments.

<p>Each box shows the lower and upper quartile values and the central horizontal black line indicates the median value. The error bars indicate the variation for the rest of the data and outliers are indicated as white dots. Significant differences between pre- and post-stimulation behaviour are indicated with an asterisk (Wilcoxon signed-rank test, P<0.05; n = 10 per group).</p

Wilcoxon signed-rank test analysis of the velocity and time spent active in for each group before and after treatment.

<p>Significant results in bold.</p

Diagram of the experimental procedures and group names (see Table 1).

<p>Assessment of the impact of air emersion (a), alarm pheromone (substance) (b) and caffeine (c) on the nociceptive-like responses of larval zebrafish. Video recording 1 and 2 indicate the pre- and post-stimulation video recordings, respectively. The names indicate the moment when the challenges were applied or when the substances were introduced in the tank water so only those groups in brackets received that particular treatment.</p

Change in time spent active (%) shown by 5dpf zebrafish exposed to different treatments.

<p>Each box shows the lower and upper quartile values and the central horizontal black line indicates the median value. The error bars indicate the variation for the rest of the data and outliers are indicated as white dots. Significant differences between groups and the control groups are indicated with an asterisk (control in the air emersion challenge: CO/AE), a hashtag (control in the alarm pheromone challenge: CO/AP) or a cross (control in the caffeine challenge: CO/CF) (Wilcoxon signed-rank test, P<0.0031).</p

List of drugs used in the experiment, concentrations and potential effects on zebrafish larvae.

<p>Concentrations were taken from published sources [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0181010#pone.0181010.ref021" target="_blank">21</a>,<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0181010#pone.0181010.ref029" target="_blank">29</a>,<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0181010#pone.0181010.ref031" target="_blank">31</a>,<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0181010#pone.0181010.ref040" target="_blank">40</a>–<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0181010#pone.0181010.ref042" target="_blank">42</a>].</p