Evaluación de la disponibilidad, utilización y costos de la tomografía computarizada en el estado de Morelos, México

Objetivo. Evaluar la disponibilidad, utilización y costos económicos de la tomografía computarizada (TC) en hospitales públicos y privados en el estado de Morelos, México. Material y métodos. Mediante un estudio transversal efectuado entre enero y abril de 1999, se evaluaron cuatro hospitales en el estado de Morelos, dos públicos y dos privados. Se llevaron a cabo entrevistas individuales con los directores, administradores, médicos radiólogos y jefes de mantenimiento. Se realizó un análisis estadístico descriptivo de las variables, disponibilidad, utilización y costos, así como una evaluación integral de la tomografía, haciendo énfasis en la variabilidad de los patrones observados en los hospitales participantes en el estudio. Resultados. La TC es una tecnología utilizada en los hospitales del estado de Morelos desde hace más de 10 años. Aun cuando existen programas de mantenimiento preventivo y correctivo a los equipos de tomografía, sus costos son muy elevados. Además se carece de estrategias que permitan evaluar la tecnología antes de su adquisición y durante su utilización. El estudio no incluyó aspectos relativos a la correcta indicación clínica de la TC, ni a sus posibles efectos secundarios. Conclusiones. Los hallazgos obtenidos a partir de la presente investigación fueron los siguientes: a) existe una carencia de procesos de evaluación y gestión tecnológica, que permita a las unidades hospitalarias un manejo eficiente de la tomografía computarizada, y b) también se carece de mecanismos para regular la adquisición, evaluar la tecnología y seleccionar las mejores alternativas en función de su efectividad, eficacia, seguridad y accesibilidad

Evaluación de la disponibilidad, utilización y costos de la tomografía computarizada en el estado de Morelos, México Assessment of the availability, utilization, and costs of computerized tomography in Morelos, Mexico

Objetivo. Evaluar la disponibilidad, utilización y costos económicos de la tomografía computarizada (TC) en hospitales públicos y privados en el estado de Morelos, México. Material y métodos. Mediante un estudio transversal efectuado entre enero y abril de 1999, se evaluaron cuatro hospitales en el estado de Morelos, dos públicos y dos privados. Se llevaron a cabo entrevistas individuales con los directores, administradores, médicos radiólogos y jefes de mantenimiento. Se realizó un análisis estadístico descriptivo de las variables, disponibilidad, utilización y costos, así como una evaluación integral de la tomografía, haciendo énfasis en la variabilidad de los patrones observados en los hospitales participantes en el estudio. Resultados. La TC es una tecnología utilizada en los hospitales del estado de Morelos desde hace más de 10 años. Aun cuando existen programas de mantenimiento preventivo y correctivo a los equipos de tomografía, sus costos son muy elevados. Además se carece de estrategias que permitan evaluar la tecnología antes de su adquisición y durante su utilización. El estudio no incluyó aspectos relativos a la correcta indicación clínica de la TC, ni a sus posibles efectos secundarios. Conclusiones. Los hallazgos obtenidos a partir de la presente investigación fueron los siguientes: a) existe una carencia de procesos de evaluación y gestión tecnológica, que permita a las unidades hospitalarias un manejo eficiente de la tomografía computarizada, y b) también se carece de mecanismos para regular la adquisición, evaluar la tecnología y seleccionar las mejores alternativas en función de su efectividad, eficacia, seguridad y accesibilidad.<br>Objective. To assess the availability, utilization, and costs of computerized tomography (CT scan) in private and public hospitals in Morelos State, Mexico. Material and Methods. From January to April 1999, a cross-sectional study was carried out in two private and two public hospitals in Morelos, Mexico. Individual face-to-face interviews were conducted with directors, managers, radiologists, and heads of maintenance at each hospital. Statistical analysis was performed to describe the variables measuring availability, utilization, and costs of CT scans. A comprehensive assessment of CT scans was also performed. Emphasis was made on the variability of observed patterns among the participating hospitals. Results. CT scan technology has been used by hospitals in Morelos State for over ten years; programs for preventive or corrective maintenance of these equipments are available, although at high costs. No strategies for technology assessment are available for acquisition of CT scanners nor during their period of utilization. This study did not attempt to evaluate the appropriateness of the clinical use of CT nor its untoward effects. Conclusions. Findings from the present study showed that: 1) a lack of mechanisms for technology assessment and management of CT scans prevented hospitals from managing CT scanning technologies efficiently; 2) technology assessment regulation is not available, even though it is necessary for the adequate selection of the best technologies, on the basis of their efficiency, effectiveness, safety, and availability

Protease and gag diversity and drug resistance mutations among treatment-naive Mexican people living with HIV.

INTRODUCTION: In Mexico, HIV genotyping is performed in people living with HIV (PLWH) failing their first-line antiretroviral (ARV) regimen; it is not routinely done for all treatment-naive PLWH before ARV initiation. The first nationally representative survey published in 2016 reported that the prevalence of pretreatment drug mutations in treatment-naive Mexican PLWH was 15.5% to any antiretroviral drug and 10.6% to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) using conventional Sanger sequencing. Most reports in Mexico focus on HIV pol gene and nucleoside and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI and NNRTI) drug resistance mutations (DRMs) prevalence, using Sanger sequencing, next-generation sequencing (NGS) or both. To our knowledge, NGS has not be used to detect pretreatment drug resistance mutations (DRMs) in the HIV protease (PR) gene and its substrate the Gag polyprotein. METHODS: Treatment-naive adult Mexican PLWH were recruited between 2016 and 2019. HIV Gag and protease sequences were obtained by NGS and DRMs were identified using the WHO surveillance drug resistance mutation (SDRM) list. RESULTS: One hundred PLWH attending a public national reference hospital were included. The median age was 28 years-old, and most were male. The median HIV viral load was 4.99 [4.39-5.40] log copies/mL and median CD4 cell count was 150 [68.0-355.78] cells/mm3. As expected, most sequences clustered with HIV-1 subtype B (97.9%). Major PI resistance mutations were detected: 8 (8.3%) of 96 patients at a detection threshold of 1% and 3 (3.1%) at a detection threshold of 20%. A total of 1184 mutations in Gag were detected, of which 51 have been associated with resistance to PI, most of them were detected at a threshold of 20%. Follow-up clinical data was available for 79 PLWH at 6 months post-ART initiation, seven PLWH failed their first ART regimen; however no major PI mutations were identified in these individuals at baseline. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of DRM in the HIV protease was 7.3% at a detection threshold of 1% and 3.1% at a detection threshold of 20%. NGS-based HIV drug resistance genotyping provide improved detection of DRMs. Viral load was used to monitor ARV response and treatment failure was 8.9%

Clustering of Genetic Anomalies of Cilia Outer Dynein Arm and Central Apparatus in Patients with Transposition of the Great Arteries

Transposition of the great arteries (TGA) is a congenital heart defect with a complex pathogenesis that has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we performed whole-exome sequencing (WES) in isolated TGA-diagnosed patients and analyzed genes of motile and non-motile cilia ciliogenesis and ciliary trafficking, as well as genes previously associated with this heart malformation. Deleterious missense and splicing variants of genes DNAH9, DNAH11, and ODAD4 of cilia outer dynein arm and central apparatus, HYDIN, were found in our TGA patients. Remarkable, there is a clustering of deleterious genetic variants in cilia genes, suggesting it could be an oligogenic disease. Our data evidence the genetic diversity and etiological complexity of TGA and point out that population allele determination and genetic aggregation studies are required to improve genetic counseling

Table_1_Association between genetic variants of membrane transporters and the risk of high-grade hematologic adverse events in a cohort of Mexican children with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia.pdf

BackgroundAdvances in the understanding of the pathobiology of childhood B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) have led towards risk-oriented treatment regimens and markedly improved survival rates. However, treatment-related toxicities remain a major cause of mortality in developing countries. One of the most common adverse effects of chemotherapy in B-ALL is the hematologic toxicity, which may be related to genetic variants in membrane transporters that are critical for drug absorption, distribution, and elimination. In this study we detected genetic variants present in a selected group genes of the ABC and SLC families that are associated with the risk of high-grade hematologic adverse events due to chemotherapy treatment in a group of Mexican children with B-ALL.MethodsNext generation sequencing (NGS) was used to screen six genes of the ABC and seven genes of the SLC transporter families, in a cohort of 96 children with B-ALL. The grade of hematologic toxicity was classified according to the National Cancer Institute’s Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version 5.0, Subsequently, two groups of patients were formed: the null/low-grade (grades 1 and 2) and the high-grade (grades 3 to 5) adverse events groups. To determine whether there is an association between the genetic variants and high-grade hematologic adverse events, logistic regression analyses were performed using co-dominant, dominant, recessive, overdominant and log-additive inheritance models. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated.ResultsWe found two types of associations among the genetic variants identified as possible predictor factors of hematologic toxicity. One group of variants associated with high-grade toxicity risk: ABCC1 rs129081; ABCC4 rs227409; ABCC5 rs939338, rs1132776, rs3749442, rs4148575, rs4148579 and rs4148580; and another group of protective variants that includes ABCC1 rs212087 and rs212090; SLC22A6 rs4149170, rs4149171 and rs955434.ConclusionThere are genetic variants in the SLC and ABC transporter families present in Mexican children with B-ALL that can be considered as potential risk markers for hematologic toxicity secondary to chemotherapeutic treatment, as well as other protective variants that may be useful in addition to conventional risk stratification for therapeutic decision making in these highly vulnerable patients.</p

Image_1_Association between genetic variants of membrane transporters and the risk of high-grade hematologic adverse events in a cohort of Mexican children with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia.tif

BackgroundAdvances in the understanding of the pathobiology of childhood B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) have led towards risk-oriented treatment regimens and markedly improved survival rates. However, treatment-related toxicities remain a major cause of mortality in developing countries. One of the most common adverse effects of chemotherapy in B-ALL is the hematologic toxicity, which may be related to genetic variants in membrane transporters that are critical for drug absorption, distribution, and elimination. In this study we detected genetic variants present in a selected group genes of the ABC and SLC families that are associated with the risk of high-grade hematologic adverse events due to chemotherapy treatment in a group of Mexican children with B-ALL.MethodsNext generation sequencing (NGS) was used to screen six genes of the ABC and seven genes of the SLC transporter families, in a cohort of 96 children with B-ALL. The grade of hematologic toxicity was classified according to the National Cancer Institute’s Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version 5.0, Subsequently, two groups of patients were formed: the null/low-grade (grades 1 and 2) and the high-grade (grades 3 to 5) adverse events groups. To determine whether there is an association between the genetic variants and high-grade hematologic adverse events, logistic regression analyses were performed using co-dominant, dominant, recessive, overdominant and log-additive inheritance models. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated.ResultsWe found two types of associations among the genetic variants identified as possible predictor factors of hematologic toxicity. One group of variants associated with high-grade toxicity risk: ABCC1 rs129081; ABCC4 rs227409; ABCC5 rs939338, rs1132776, rs3749442, rs4148575, rs4148579 and rs4148580; and another group of protective variants that includes ABCC1 rs212087 and rs212090; SLC22A6 rs4149170, rs4149171 and rs955434.ConclusionThere are genetic variants in the SLC and ABC transporter families present in Mexican children with B-ALL that can be considered as potential risk markers for hematologic toxicity secondary to chemotherapeutic treatment, as well as other protective variants that may be useful in addition to conventional risk stratification for therapeutic decision making in these highly vulnerable patients.</p