Representative photograph of sections of renal tissue of rats treated with saline (A), saline + swimming exercise, SE (B), gum acacia, GA (C), GA + SE (D), adenine (E), adenine + SE (F), adenine + GA (G) and adenine + GA + SE (H), and stained with hematoxylin & eosin (H&E) stain.

<p>Sections <b>A, B, C</b>, and <b>D</b> showed normal kidney architecture and histology. Sections <b>E</b> and <b>F</b> showed acute tubular necrosis (arrow head) with tubular distention with necrotic material (thin arrows), and many apoptotic cells (thin arrows). Sections G and F showed similar improvement in histological appearance with focal areas of acute tubular necrosis (arrow head), and less dilated tubules (thin arrow).</p

Body weight change (%), relative kidney weight (%), water intake, urine volume, feed intake, and fecal weight in rats treated with saline (C); saline + swimming exercise, (C + swim); adenine (A); A + swim; gum acacia (GA); GA + swim; A + GA; and A + G + swim.

<p>Each column is mean ± SEM (n  =  six rats). Statistical analysis by ANOVA followed by Newman– Keuls test.</p

The effect of swimming exercise (SE) on some antioxidant indices in kidney homogenates from rats with chronic kidney disease induced by feeding adenine (A) [0.25% w/w, 5 weeks], and the influence of gum acacia (GA) [15% w/v in drinking water, 5 weeks] with or without SE thereon.

<p>Values in the table are means ± SEM (n = 6 rats).</p><p>SOD  =  Superoxide dismutase; CAT  =  catalase; GSH  =  reduced glutathione and TAC  =  total antioxidant capacity.</p><p>*<i>P</i> less than 0.05.</p><p>**<i>P</i> less than 0.01 (Compared to control for the same index).</p

The effect of treatment with saline (C); saline + swimming exercise (C + swim); adenine (A); A + swim; gum acacia (GA); GA + swim; A + GA; and A + G + swim on urinary uric acid concentration, and the plasma concentration of calcium, phosphorus and uric acid in treated with saline, A, GA and A + GA in rats subjected to swimming exercise.

<p>Each column is mean ± SEM (n  =  six rats). Statistical analysis by ANOVA followed by Newman–Keuls test.</p

Representative photograph of sections of renal tissue of rats treated with saline (A), saline + swimming exercise, SE (B), gum acacia, GA (C), GA + SE (D), adenine (E), adenine + SE (F), adenine + GA (G) and adenine + GA + SE (H), and stained with Masson trichrome stain.

<p>Sections A, B, C, and D showed normal kidney architecture and histology and no evidence of fibrosis. Sections E and F showed large areas of interstitial fibrosis (thick arrows). Sections G and F showed similar improvements in histological appearance with dramatic decrease in fibrosis (thick arrows).</p

effect of swimming exercise (SE) on some cytokines, antioxidant markers and proteins in plasma or urine from rats with chronic kidney disease induced by feeding adenine (A) [0.25% w/w, 5 weeks], and the influence of gum acacia (GA) [15% w/v in drinking water, 5 weeks] thereon.

<p>Values in the table are means ± SEM (n = 6 rats). Values with similar superscripts are not statistically different (level of significance set at <i>P</i><0.05).</p><p>TNFα  =  Tumor necrosis factor alpha; 8- OHdg  = 8 – hydroxo – 2- deoxyguanisone;</p

Evaluation of necrosis and fibrosis in kidneys from rats with chronic kidney disease induced by adenine (A) feeding (0.25% w/w, 5 weeks), and the influence of gum acacia (GA) [15% w/v in drinking water, 5 weeks] with or without swimming exercise (SE) thereon.

<p>Values in the table are means ± SEM (n  =  6 rats).</p><p>Values with different superscripts are statistically different (<i>P</i> less than 0.05).</p

Representative photograph and quantification of apoptosis and caspase 3 cleavage in kidney tissue lysates of rats treated with saline (1); saline + swimming exercise, SE (2); adenine (3); adenine + SE (4);gum acacia, GA (5); GA + SE (6); adenine (3), adenine + GA (7); and adenine + GA + SE (8).

<p>Columns and vertical bars represent means ± SEM of relative intensity of cleaved and uncleaved bands. Western blotting is depicted for caspase-3, cleaved caspase-3 and β-Actin loading protein.</p

The plasma concentrations of urea, creatinine and indoxyl sulfate, and the creatinine clearance in rats treated with saline (C); saline + swimming exercise, (C + swim); adenine (A); A + swim; gum acacia (GA); GA + swim; A + GA; and A + G + swim.

<p>Each column is mean ± SEM (n  =  six rats). Statistical analysis by ANOVA followed by Newman–Keuls test.</p

The concentrations of cystatin C, nephrin and adiponectinin plasma of rats treated with saline (C); saline + swimming exercise (C + swim); adenine (A); A + swim; gum acacia (GA); GA + swim; A + GA; and A + G + swim.

<p>Each column is mean ± SEM (n  =  six rats). Statistical analysis by ANOVA followed by Newman–Keuls test.</p