394 research outputs found
Impact of trade openness on output growth for Pakistan: an empirical investigation
In this paper we analyze the impact of trade liberalization policy on GDP growth of Pakistan for the period ranging from 1972 to 2002. We found that there is long run negative relationship between trade growth and GDP growth. When we separate the total trade volume in export and import we find insignificant positive relationship between GDP and export and import. Both the models showed positive and significant relationship between GDP and investment.Trade Openness; Liberalization
Trade Openness and Growth: An Analysis of Transmission Mechanism in Pakistan
This paper investigates the linkages between trade policy openness and economic growth for Pakistan for the period 1973 to 2008. The paper tests the hypothesis that trade policy does not affect economic growth directly rather it affects through some growth determining economic variables, which then effect economic growth. For this purpose a simultaneous system of equations is estimated through the Three Stage Least Squares. The results suggest a positive impact of trade policy openness on Black Market Premium, Domestic Investment and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and negative impact on Macro Policy Index. However, Black Market Premium and FDI show negative and Domestic Investment shows positive impact on economic growth.Openness, Growth, Transmission Mechanism, Pakistan
Transforming rural primary schools: case for community centred approach
India has the exceptional achievement of having
a primary school (class I-V) within one kilometer
in 98 percent of its habitations. Access to physical
infrastructure is matched in official records with
enrolment in excess of 96 percent. But the good
progress on getting rural children to schools is,
however, substantially lost with low retention and
insufficient learning levels, restricting opportunities
for their future lives as citizens, parents and
contributing members of the economy. ASER 1 2016
shows that 27 percent of all children in Std. VIII
were unable to read a Std II level text, almost 57
percent were unable to solve a 3-digit by 1-digit
division sum. The proportion of children in Class III
who are able to read at least Class I level is barely
42.5 percent.
Transforming Rural India (TRI) baselines focused
on rural primary schools across 17 districts in
east-central India showed even poorer results.
Further, it found rural schools are rarely open for
full school hours, on an average we have 25 percent
regular teachers and 25 percent untrained ‘guest’
teachers and almost 50 percent vacancy. It is not a
surprise that parents are pulling their children out
of government schools: these are truly worrying
statistics. Our schools are failing to equip children
with basic skills and setting stagnation in inter-
generational mobility. In rural schools, the majority
of children are first time learners and, with over
half of the parents never having been to school,
their aspirations from schooling includes support
in furthering family advancement. Thus, the social
cost of this systematic neglect of rural schools
includes the family and the community
CONCEPTUALIZING HUMOR IN ADVERTISING: THE MODERATING ROLE OF SELF-MONITORING
This research paper explores the mediating role of attitudetowards the advertisement and attitude towards the brand, andmoderating role of self-monitoring in the relationships betweenperceived humor in the advertisement and purchase intention of the customer. Survey data was collected from 209 individuals after showing advertisements. Confirmatory factor analysis, structural equation modeling, and macro developed by Preacher and Hays have been used to test moderation and mediation effect in the hypothesized model. A good fit between the data and tested model was observed. As predicted, purchase intention was positively related to perceived humor and full mediation effect has been found. The moderating role of self-monitoring has also been supported by the data. The findings are particularly salient for national and multinational media agenciesin Pakistan as well in the other parts of the world
Complications of in-patient cerebral angiography: Comparison between patients with and without sub arachnoid haemorrhage
Objective: To compare complications of cerebral angiography among patients with and without subarachnoid haemorrhage.Methods: This retrospective study was conducted at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, and comprised records of patients undergoing inpatient therapeutic and diagnostic cerebral angiographies from 2001 to 2010. The patients were divided into subarachnoid and non-subarachnoid haemorrhage groups. During the study period no modifications were made to the operational protocol and all patients were subjected to the same procedure and prophylactic care.Results: Of the 93 patients, 42(45.2%) were women and 51(54.8%) were men. The overall mean age was 45.27±16.15 years (range: 4-80 years). The comparison between the two groups regarding new onset of neurological deficit was statistically significant (p=0.001). However, the same comparison regarding drop in Glasgow Coma Scale was statistically not significant (p=0.073).Conclusions: The rate of neurological complications was higher in patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage
Dengue fever with hepatitis E and hepatitis A infection
Infection with dengue viruses produces a spectrum of clinical illness ranging from a nonspecific viral syndrome to severe and fatal haemorrhagic disease. Important risk factors include the strain and serotype of the infecting virus, as well as the age, immune status, and genetic predisposition of the patient. The teaching point in this case study was Dengue fever which occurred concomitantly with Hepatitis A and Hepatitis E virus infection
Schistomeringos japonica (Family Dorvilleidae) – A new record of polychaete from Pakistani coast
485-487A marine polychaete worm, of the genus Schistomeringos Jumars, 1974, is hereby reported for the first time from the coasts of Pakistan. Several specimens of Schistomeringos japonica (Annenkova, 1937) were collected from settlement panels deployed at Korangi Fish Harbour (24˚48´8.34˝ N; 67˚17´60˝ E), Karachi, Pakistani coast. S. japonica is closely related to S. rudolphi (Delle Chiaje, 1828) but differs in having furcate chaeta from the first, not the second, pair of parapodia. S. rudolphi has been reported from the Red Sea. Detailed description and illustrations of S. japonica, based on Pakistani materials, are given herein
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