Implementing Geo-Encryption in GSM Cellular Network

The “geo-encryption” or “location-based encryption” is a security algorithm that limits the access or decryption of information content to specified locations and/or times. This algorithm does not replace any of the conventional cryptographic algorithms, but instead adds an additional layer of security to exist stack. GSM is chosen as a case study to implement geo-encryption in its key generation part due to its many properties that are beneficial to this protocol. GSM's BTSs are distributed across the network and their signal can reach places like urban canyons and indoor environments inside the network. In GSM, data stream between mobile subscriber (MS) and BTS is encrypted by A5 encryption algorithm. A5's encryption and decryption key (kc) is generated base on MS's SIM card parameter (ki) and a random number, RAND. In the symmetric ciphers its better to use transient key instead of constant key for this at this project we have used MS's location information to generate this key by geoencryption algorithm idea. Encrypted data only in the MS's location, that just GSM network is aware of it, can be decrypted and its accuracy depends on used positioning algorith

New optical soliton solutions to magneto-optic waveguides

In this article, based on the concepts of the extended tanh expansion method, the general nonlinear magneto-optic waveguides that maintain parabolic-nonlocal law of refractive index is discussed. Then, the physical properties and structures of these obtained solutions are analyzed by means of some graphics. The obtained results can be used in describing the substantial understanding of the studious structures as well as other related non-linear physical structures

Emergency Overcrowding Impact on the Quality of Care of Patients Presenting with Acute Stroke

Introduction: Emergency overcrowding is defined as when the amount of care required for patients overcomes the available amount. This can cause delays in delivering critical care in situations like stroke. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the possible impact of emergency department (ED) crowding on the quality of care for acute stroke patients. Methods: In this cross-sectional prospective study, all patients with symptoms of acute stroke presenting to the ED of educational hospitals were enrolled. All patients were assessed and examined by the emergency medicine (EM) residents on shift and a questionnaire was filled out for them. The amount of time that passed from the first triage to performing the required interventions and delivering health services were recorded by the triage nurse. ED crowding was measured by the occupancy rate. Then, the correlation between all of the variables and ED crowding level were calculated. Results: The average daily bed occupancy rate was 184.9 ± 54.3%. The median time passed from the first triage to performing the interventions were as follows: the first EM resident visit after 34 min, the first neurologic visit after 138 min, head CT after 134 min, ECG after 104 min and ASA administration after 210 min. There was no statistically significant relationship between the ED occupancy rate and the time elapsed before different required health services in the management of stroke patients either throughout an entire day or during each 8-hour interval (p > 0.05). Conclusion: In the current study, the ED occupancy rate was not significantly correlated with the time frame associated with management of admitted acute stroke patients

Two Different Endotracheal Tube Securing Techniques: Fixing Bandage vs. Adhesive Tape

Introduction: Emergency physicians should secure Endotracheal tubes (ETT) properly in order to prevent unplanned extubation (UE) and its complications. Despite various available endotracheal tube holders, using bandages or tape are still the most common methods used in this regards. Objective: This study aimed to compare adhesive tape (AT) versus fixing bandage (FB) method in terms of properly securing ETT. Methods: This was an observational longitudinal trial. All patients older than 15-years-old admitted to the ED who had indication for ETT insertion were eligible. Patients were randomly assigned to one of the two groups in which AT or FB was applied. All patients were observed thoroughly in the first 24 hours after intubation. Using a pre-prepared checklist, encountered UE rate and other data were recorded. Results: Seventy-two patients with the mean age of 55.98 ± 18.39 years were finally evaluated of which 38 cases (52.8%) were male. In total, 12% of patients in our study experienced unplanned extubation. Less than 12% of the patients experienced complete UE; there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups (p = 0.24). Comparison of UE with age showed no significant difference (p = 0.89). Male patients experienced more UE, but this was not statistically significant (p = 0.44). Conclusion: It is likely that whether the AT method or FB was applied for securing the ETT in emergency departments, there was no significant difference in rates of unplanned extubation

The new soliton solutions for long and short-wave interaction system

The goal of this paper is to discover modern soliton solutions to long and short-wave interaction system by procedures called extended rational sine-cosine and rational sinh-cosh methods. We assume that the equation has a hypothetical soliton solutions. By reorganizing the resulting equations, we obtain a system of equations. Using Maple software, we get unknown coefficients in the system and writing them in the original equation, we obtain new solition solutions of the equation. The results show that the soliton solutions generated by the method for the long and short-wave interaction system are bright, kink type, bright periodic and dark solutions. We provided 3-D figures to illustrate the solutions. Computational results indicate that the method employed in this paper is superior than some other methods used in the literature to solve the same system equations

Association of Lymphopenia with Short Term Outcomes of Sepsis Patients; a Brief Report

Introduction: Studies have claimed that low lymphocyte count is independently correlated with 28-day survival of sepsis patients. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the value of lymphopenia in predicting the short-term outcome of sepsis patients. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on sepsis patients referred to the emergency department during an 8-month period and relationship of lymphopenia with 28-day mortality and probability of septic shock and readmission due to sepsis was assessed. Results: 124 cases with the mean age of 66.12 ± 15.82 (21-90) years were studied (54.8% male). 81 (65.3%) cases had lymphopenia (59.3% male). Lymphopenic patients had a significantly higher mean age (p = 0.003), higher need for ICU admission (p < 0.001), higher prevalence of 28-day septic shock (p < 0.001), higher 28-day mortality (p < 0.001), higher probability of readmission due to sepsis (p = 0.048), and higher SOFA score (p < 0.001). During 28 days of follow up, 57 (46%) patients were expired. They had a higher prevalence of septic shock (p < 0.001) and higher SOFA score (p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that septic shock (OR=364.6; 95% CI: 26.3 to 5051.7; p = 0.001) and lymphopenia (OR=19.2; 95% CI: 1.7 to 211.3; p = 0.016) were the independent predictors of 28-day mortality. Conclusions: Based on the findings, lymphopenia was independently associated with higher 28-day mortality and lymphopenic patients were older than the control group and had a significantly higher need for ICU admission, higher probability of 28-day septic shock and readmission due to sepsis, and higher SOFA score

Hydrogel nanocomposite based on alginate/zeolite for burn wound healing: In vitro and in vivo study

Objective(s): The main objective of the current assay was to evaluate the antibacterial and regenerative effects of hydrogel nanocomposite containing pure natural zeolite (clinoptilolite) integrated with alginate (Alg) as wound healing/dressing biomaterials.Materials and Methods: The zeolites were size excluded, characterized by SEM, DLS, XRD, FTIR, and XRF, and then integrated into Alg hydrogel followed by calcium chloride crosslinking. The Alg and alginate zeolite (Alg/Zeo) hydrogel was characterized by swelling and weight loss tests, also the antibacterial, hemocompatibility, and cell viability tests were performed. In animal studies, the burn wound was induced on the back of rats and treated with the following groups: control, Alg hydrogel, and Alg/Zeo hydrogel.Results: The results showed that the hydrodynamic diameter of zeolites was 367 ± 0.2 nm. Zeolites did not show any significant antibacterial effect, however, the hydrogel nanocomposite containing zeolite had proper swelling as well as hemocompatibility and no cytotoxicity was observed. Following the creation of a third-degree burn wound on the back of rats, the results indicated that the Alg hydrogel and Alg/Zeo nanocomposite accelerated the wound healing process compared with the control group. Re-epithelialization, granulation tissue thickness, collagenization, inflammatory cell recruitment, and angiogenesis level were not significantly different between Alg and Alg/Zeo nanocomposite.Conclusion: These findings revealed that although the incorporation of zeolites did not induce a significant beneficial effect in comparison with Alg hydrogel, using zeolite capacity in hydrogel for loading the antibiotics or other effective compounds can be considered a promising wound dressing

Clinical presentation and natural history of infantile-onset ascending spastic paralysis from three families with an ALS2 founder variant.

Biallelic mutations of the alsin Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor (ALS2) gene cause a group of overlapping autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorders including infantile-onset ascending hereditary spastic paralysis (IAHSP), juvenile primary lateral sclerosis (JPLS), and juvenile amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (JALS/ALS2), caused by retrograde degeneration of the upper motor neurons of the pyramidal tracts. Here, we describe 11 individuals with IAHSP, aged 2-48 years, with IAHSP from three unrelated consanguineous Iranian families carrying the homozygous c.1640+1G>A founder mutation in ALS2. Three affected siblings from one family exhibit generalized dystonia which has not been previously described in families with IAHSP and has only been reported in three unrelated consanguineous families with JALS/ALS2. We report the oldest individuals with IAHSP to date and provide evidence that these patients survive well into their late 40s with preserved cognition and normal eye movements. Our study delineates the phenotypic spectrum of IAHSP and ALS2-related disorders and provides valuable insights into the natural disease course