Optimal Scheduling of Solar-Wind-Thermal Integrated System Using α-Constrained Simplex Method

In this paper, multi-objective economic-environmental solar-wind-thermal power scheduling model was developed and it was optimized for five test systems. First test system was based upon a purely thermal power generating system and its problem was formulated to satisfy three conflicting objectives: (i) fuel cost, (ii)  emission, and (iii)  emission. The second, third and fourth test systems were comprised of optimal scheduling of integrated solar-thermal, wind-thermal and solar-wind-thermal power systems, respectively. Uncertainty costs were also considered in the renewable power based systems. These four test systems were examined for five power demands i.e. 200 MW, 225 MW, 250 MW, 275 MW, & 300 MW. Fifth test system was also deployed upon a renewable-thermal power scheduling. The effects of variation in number of thermal generators on fuel cost and  emission were perceived, for a power demand of 400 MW. The values of fuel cost (4067.98 Rs/h) and  emission (2,441.05 kg/h) reduced to 3,232.94 Rs/h and 1,939.30 kg/h, respectively, when number of thermal generators were reduced from four to two. The -constrained simplex method (ACSM) was used for simulation and the results were compared with simplex method (SM). The results clearly depict the dominance of ACSM over SM in almost all the fields

Short-term Hydro-Thermal-Wind-Solar Power Scheduling: A Case Study of Kanyakumari Region of India

In this paper, an advanced modus operandi named the -constrained simplex method (ACSM) is deployed to resolve a real-time hydro-thermal-wind-solar power scheduling problem. ACSM is an updated articulation of the Nonlinear Simplex Method (SM) of Nelder and Mead. It has been designed after interbreeding an ordinary SM with some other methods like-evolutionary method, α-constrained method, etc. To develop this technique three alterations in the SM are adopted (i) -level differentiation, (ii) mutations of the worst point, and (iii) the incorporation of multi-simplexes. A real-time multi-objective hydro-thermal-wind-solar power scheduling problem is established and optimized for the Kanyakumari (Tamil Nadu, India) for the 18th of September of 2020. Four contrary constraints are contemplated for this case study (i)fuel cost and employing cost of wind and solar power system, (ii) NOx emission, (iii) SO2 emission, and (iv) CO2 emission. The fidelity of the projected practice is trailed upon two test systems. The first test system is hinged upon twenty-four-hour power scheduling of a pure thermal power system. The values of total fuel cost,emission, emission, and emission are attained as 4707.19$/day, 59325.23 kg/day, 207672.70 kg/day, and 561369.20 kg/day, respectively. In the second test system, two thermal generators are reintegrated with renewable energy resources (RER) based power system (hydro, wind, and solar system) for the same power demands. The hydro, wind, and solar data are probed with the Glimn-Kirchmayer model, Weibull Distribution Density Factor, and Normal Distribution model, respectively. The outturns using ACSM are contrasted with the SM and evolutionary method(EM). For this real-time hydro-thermal-wind-solar power scheduling problem the values of fuel cost,  emission,  emission, and  emission are shortened to 1626.41$/day, 24262.24 kg/day, 71753.80 kg/day, and 196748.20 kg/day, respectively for the specified interval using ACSM and with SM, these values are calculated as 1626.57 $/day, 24264.67 kg/day, 71760.98 kg/day, 196767.68 kg/day, respectively. The results for the same are obtained as 1626.74$/day, 24267.10 kg/day, 71768.15 kg/day, 196787.55 kg/day, respectively, by using EM. The values of the operating cost of the solar system, wind system, total system transmission losses, and computational time of test system-2 with ACSM, SM, and EM are evaluated as 8438.76 $/day, 19017.42$/day, 476.69 MW/day & 15.6 seconds; 8439.61 $/day, 19019.33$/day, 476.74 MW/day and 16.8 sec; and 8447.20 $/day, 19036.43$/day, 477.17 MW/day and 17.3 sec, respectively. The solutions portray the sovereignty of ACSM over the other two methods in the entire process

Effects of life-stage and passive tobacco smoke exposure on pulmonary innate immunity and influenza infection in mice

Limited data are available on the effects of perinatal environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure for early childhood influenza infection. The aim of the present study was to examine whether perinatal versus adult ETS exposure might provoke more severe systemic and pulmonary innate immune responses in mice inoculated with influenza A/Puerto Rico/8/34 virus (IAV) compared to phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). BALB/c mice were exposed to filtered air (FA) or ETS for 6 weeks during the perinatal or adult period of life. Immediately following the final exposure, mice were intranasally inoculated with IAV or PBS. Significant inflammatory effects were observed in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of neonates inoculated with IAV (FA+IAV or ETS+IAV) compared to PBS (ETS+PBS or FA+PBS), and in the lung parenchyma of neonates administered ETS+IAV versus FA+IAV. Type I and III interferons were also elevated in the spleens of neonates, but not adults with ETS+IAV versus FA+IAV exposure. Both IAV-inoculated neonate groups exhibited significantly more CD4 T cells and increasing numbers of CD8 and CD25 T cells in lungs relative to their adult counterparts. Taken together, these results suggest perinatal ETS exposure induces an exaggerated innate immune response, which may overwhelm protective anti-inflammatory defenses against IAV, and enhances severity of infection at early life stages (e.g., in infants and young children)