Regions identified in the Task > Rest contrast in Experiment 1.

<p>Notes: Sup. = Superior; Mid. = Middle; Inf. = Inferior; H = Hemisphere (L, Left; R, Right or B, Bilateral); BA = Broadmann's Area; Volume is given in number of voxels (2x2x2mm); Coordinates (x, y and z) for the peak active voxel in each cluster are given with reference to the MNI atlas.</p><p>Regions identified in the Task > Rest contrast in Experiment 1.</p

Brain regions identified as interaction of Task by Language.

<p>The black outlier indicates anatomical mask of bilateral fusiform gyrus. The bar graphes plot each ROI’s activity pattern.</p

Data from lexical decision (LD) and story reading in ROIs from meta-analyses of Chinese and English reading.

<p>Large language by task interactions are observed in middle frontal gyrus (MFG), and left and right fusiform gyrus (FFG), indicating that language differences are exaggerated by artificial task conditions in these regions. In posterior superior and middle temporal gyri (STG and MTG), only a large main effect of task was found, suggesting that these regions are engaged more strongly by natural reading conditions than lexical decision in both languages.</p

A. Stimuli were presented in intermixed blocks of reading and listening tasks.

<p>Each block lasted about one minute interspersed with 20s rest intervals. In reading block, 25 phrases (range 24–27) were presented continuously with each phrase lasting 2s; B. Examples of story materials. The Chinese story was translated into English phrase by phrase so that the narrative could be presented at the same rate for both groups. C. Very similar patterns of brain activity are engaged by naturalistic reading across languages (top, middle). The group contrast (bottom) revealed regions activated stronger for Chinese in visual cortex and regions for mapping spelling to meaning.</p

A. Event related designed were conducted for lexical decision task.

<p>Each trial began with a 200ms fixation. The stimulus was presented for 500ms with a blank screen for participants’ response. The mean ITI was 5.3s; B. Examples of each stimulus class designed for manipulating wordlikeness both for Chinese and English characters/words. C. The contrast brain map for Chinese > English.</p

Regions identified as contrasting for Language in Experiment 2.

<p>Note: H = Hemisphere (L, Left; R, Right or B, Bilateral); BA = Broadmann's Area; Volume is given in number of voxels (2x2x2mm); Coordinates (x, y and z) for the peak active voxel in each cluster are given with reference to the MNI atlas.</p><p>Regions identified as contrasting for Language in Experiment 2.</p

Regions identified as interaction of language-by-task.

<p>Note: Volume is given in number of voxels (2x2x2mm); Coordinates (x, y and z) for the peak active voxel in each cluster are given with reference to the MNI atlas.</p><p>Regions identified as interaction of language-by-task.</p