Kretanje koncentracija ukupnih bjelančevina i albumina te aktivnosti AST, ALT i GGT u krvnoj plazmi kobila tijekom gravidnosti i rane laktacije

The metabolism of proteins in the blood plasma of Holstein breed mares was investigated during pregnancy and early lactation. Blood for analysis was taken in the first, second and third periods of pregnancy, and during early lactation. Blood samples were collected by jugular puncture with heparin as an anticoagulant. In the obtained blood plasma the concentration of total proteins and albumin, and the activity of enzymes aspartate aminotransferase (AST; EC 2.6.1.1), alanine aminotransferase (ALT; EC 2.6.1.2), and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT; EC 2.3.2.2) was determined by spectrophotometry. According to the research results of the blood plasma in mares during pregnancy and early lactation, there were no significant differences in the concentration of total proteins, albumin, and ALT and GGT enzyme activity. In the final third of pregnancy there was a statistically significant decrease of AST activity compared to the first period (P<0.01), and the second period of pregnancy (P<0.001). The lower activity of AST during pregnancy and early lactation can be attributed to this special breed. The obtained results constitute a contribution to a better understanding of biochemical processes in pregnant mares, for estimating their physiological status and for diagnostic purposes.Istražen je metabolizam bjelančevina u krvnoj plazmi kobila pasmine Holstein tijekom gravidnosti i rane laktacije. Krv za analizu uzimana je u prvoj, drugoj i trećoj trećini gravidnosti, te u ranoj laktaciji iz v. iugularis uz upotrebu heparina kao antikoagulansa. U dobivenoj krvnoj plazmi spektrofotometrijski je određena koncentracija ukupnih bjelančevina i albumina te aktivnosti enzima aspartat aminotransferaze (AST; EC 2.6.1.1.), alanin aminotransferaze (ALT; EC 2.6.1.2.), i gama-glutamiltransferaze (GGT; EC 2.3.2.2.). Na osnovi polučenih rezultata u krvnoj plazmi kobila tijekom gravidnosti i rane laktacije nisu utvrđene značajnije promjene koncentracija ukupnih bjelančevina i albumina te aktivnosti enzima ALT i GGT. U posljednjoj trećini gravidnosti utvrđen je statistički značajan pad aktivnosti AST u odnosu na prvu (P<0,01) i drugu trećinu (P<0,001). Niža aktivnost AST tijekom gravidnosti i rane laktacije mogla bi se pripisati pasminskoj osobitosti. Dobiveni rezultati doprinose boljem poznavanju biokemijskih procesa u gravidnih kobila, kako u procjeni njihovog fiziološkog stanja tako i u dijagnostičke svrhe

Lipid metabolism in skeletal muscle of broiler chickens after fattening period and fasting

U radu je istražen utjecaj 48-satnog gladovanja na metabolizam masnih tvari u skeletnim mišićima pilića teške hibridne linije Ross. Nakon završetka tova i gladovanja žrtvovano je po deset životinja kojima su uzeti uzorci grudnog i bedrenog mišića. U homogenatima tkiva određene su koncentracije triglicerida, kolesterola i lipidskih peroksida te aktivnost lipoproteinske lipaze. Nakon završetka tova, u bedrenom mišiću pilića bila je značajno veća koncetracija triglicerida (p<0,05) kao i aktivnost lipoproteinske lipaze (p<0,05) u odnosu na grudni mišić pilića. Gladovanje je rezultiralo značajnim smanjenjem koncentracija triglicerida (p<0,05) i kolesterola (p<0,05) te povećanjem koncentracije lipidskih peroksida (p<0,05) u bedrenom mišiću dok je u grudnom mišiću koncentracija lipidskih peroksida značajno smanjena (p<0,05). Aktivnost lipoproteinske lipaze se nakon gladovanja značajno povećala u grudnom (p<0,05), a smanjila u bedrenom mišiću pilića (p<0,05) u odnosu na vrijednosti dobivene na kraju tova. Rezultati ovog istraživanja potvrđuju da sukladno razlici u građi i metabolizmu promatranih mišića, bedreni mišić ima veću koncentraciju triglicerida i veću aktivnost lipoproteinske lipaze nakon završetka tova dok u gladovanju dolazi do potrošnje zaliha masnih tvari kao i povećanja osjetljivosti na oksidativna oštećenja.The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of fasting on lipid concentrations and lipoprotein lipase activity in breast and thigh muscle of Ross 308 broiler chickens. Muscle tissue samples were collected at the age of 42 days and after 48 hours food deprivation and triacylglycerol, cholesterol and lipid peroxide concentrations and lipoprotein lipase activity were assayed. After fattening period, triacylglycerol concentrations (p<0,05) and lipoprotein lipase activity (p<0,05) in chicken thigh muscle were higher compared with breast muscle. Fasting significantlydecreasedtriacylglycerols(p<0,05)and cholesterols (p<0,05) and increased lipid peroxidation (p<0,05) in thigh muscle of chickens. At the same time, lipid peroxidation intensity significantly decreased (p<0,05) inbreast muscle. Lipoprotein lipase activity in breast muscle significantly increased (p<0,05 )whereas in thigh muscle decreased (p<0,05) after fasting. The results of this study confirm the differences in lipid metabolism of breast and thigh muscle of chickens. Thigh muscle has higher triacylglycerol concentrations and lipoprotein lipase activity after fattening period but after fasting lipid content of the thigh muscle decrease whereas susceptibility of muscle to lipids peroxidation increase

Utjecaj dodavanja organskoga selena u hranu na antioksidativna svojstva i lipidsku peroksidaciju u krvi pilića tijekom tova i nakon gladovanja

Selenium is an essential trace element in human and animal nutrition and an integral component of antioxidative proteins. Organic selenium, a natural form of selenium, has more beneficial effects in maintaining antioxidative system than its inorganic form. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of organic selenium food supplements on the level of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxides (TBARS) in chicken whole blood. Chickens were randomly allocated into two groups: standard diets (<0.15 ppm sodium selenite) fed control group (n = 40) and Se+ group (n = 40), fed the same diets supplemented with 0.3 ppm organic selenium. Ten randomly selected birds from each group at the age of two, four and six weeks and after 48-hours of food deprivation at the end of the fattening period, were subjected to blood withdrawal from jugular vein. The GSH-Px activity and concentrations of GSH and TBARS were analyzed by spectrophotometry. A trend was observed toward increasing GSH-Px in the blood of the control group from two to six weeks of age (P<0.001), whereas in the Se+ group the increase was obtained in the first four weeks (P<0.01). GSH-Px activity after fasting was lower only in the control chickens (P<0.01). Organic selenium supplementation resulted in higher GSH-Px activity at two and four weeks of age (P<0.01), as well as after fasting (P<0.01). The GSH level in four week old Se+ chickens was lower than in two and six week old broilers (P<0.01). At the same time, in the two week old control chickens higher values were recorded in comparison with older birds (P<0.05). After fasting, the GSH was lower in both groups of chickens compared to values given after the end of the fattening period (P<0.001). The TBARS decreased in concentration in both groups at six weeks of age compared to younger chickens (P<0.05). Dietary organic selenium supplementation manifested higher activity of GSH-Px during fattening and maintaining its activity in stress conditions provoked by fasting.Selen je esencijalni element u hranidbi životinja zbog svojih antioksidativnih značajki. Organski selen, prirodni oblik selena, pokazuje bolje učinke u održavanju antioksidativnog statusa životinja nego anorganski selen. U radu je istražen utjecaj dodavanja organskoga selena u hranu na aktivnost glutation peroksidaze (GSHPx), koncentraciju glutationa (GSH) i jačinu lipidske peroksidacije (TBARS) u krvi pilića tijekom tova i nakon 48-satnog gladovanja. Kontrolna skupina (n = 40) hranjena je standardnom hranom (min. 0,15 ppm natrijeva tova pilića u dobi od dva, četiri i šest tjedana, te nakon 48-satnog gladovanja uzeta je krv iz jugularne vene s heparinom kao antikoagulansom od po deset pilića Se+ i kontrolne skupine. Spektrofotometrijski određena je aktivnost GSH-Px te koncentracije GSH i TBARS. Aktivnost GSH-Px u krvi kontrolnih pilića rasla je s dobi (P<0,001) tijekom cijeloga istraživanja, dok je u Se+ pilića porast zabilježen u prva četiri tjedna starosti (P<0,01). Gladovanje je samo u kontrolnih pilića izazvalo pad aktivnosti GSH-Px (P<0,01). Dodatak organskoga selena doveo je do viših aktivnosti GSH-Px u Se+ pilića starih dva i četiri tjedna (P<0,01) kao i nakon 48-satnoga gladovanja (P<0,01) u odnosu na kontrolne piliće. Koncentracija GSH u Se+ pilića starih četiri tjedna bila je niža nego u pilića starih dva i šest tjedana (P<0,01), dok se u kontrolnih smanjivala s dobi (P<0,05). Gladovanje je dovelo do pada GSH u obje skupine pilića (P<0,001). Koncentracija TBARS u šest tjedana starih pilića obje skupine se smanjila u usporedbi s mlađim pilićima (P<0,05). Dodatak organskoga selena doveo je do porasta aktivnosti GSH-Px sa starošću uz održavanje aktivnosti u stresu izazvanom gladovanjem

Aktivnost AST, ALT i GGT u klinički zdravih mliječnih krava u laktaciji i suhostaju.

This study examined the activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST; EC 2.6.1.1), alanine aminotrans-ferase (ALT; EC 2.6.1.2) and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT; EC 2.3.2.2) in the plasma of 120 dairy Hol-stein breed cows divided into four groups according to production period. The cows were held in an intensive farm breeding premises. Their meal consisted of ordinary alfalfa, silage, hay and concentrates with energy and protein supplements. The first group consisted of animals from the 10th until 45th day of lactation, the second from the 46th until 90th day of lactation, and the third group from the 91st day of lactation until the end of milk production. Cows in the dry period comprised the fourth group. The highest activity of AST was determined in the first production period, while enzyme activity in the second and third periods was higher than in the dry period. ALT activity showed a statistically significant increase from the 46th day of lactation until the dry period, and activity in the second and third periods was statistically higher than in the dry period. GGT activity in the first production period and in the dry period was statistically higher in comparison with the second and third periods. Research results showed a significant influence of milk production and the dry period on the activities of examined enzymes in the blood plasma, and we can conclude that there is a need for constant monitoring of the described parameters during production.U radu je istražena aktivnost aspartat aminotransferaze (AST; EC 2.6.1.1), alanin aminotransferaze (ALT; EC 2.6.1.2) i gama-glutamiltransferaze (GGT; EC 2.3.2.2) u krvnoj plazmi 120 mliječnih krava holštajnske pasmine podijeljenih u četiri skupine prema proizvodnom razdoblju. Krave su držane u intenzivnom farmskom uzgoju, slobodno bez ispusta. Obrok se sastojao od sjenaže lucerke, silaže, sijena i koncentrata uz energetski i proteinski dodatak. Prvu skupinu činile su životinje od 10. do 45. dana laktacije, drugu od 46. do 90. dana, a treću od 91. dana laktacije do kraja proizvodnje mlijeka. Krave u suhostaju činile su četvrtu skupinu. Najviša aktivnost AST utvrđena je u prvom proizvodnom razdoblju, dok je aktivnost enzima u drugom i trećem razdo-blju bila značajno viša u odnosu na suhostaj. Aktivnost ALT pokazala je statistički značajan porast od 46. dana laktacije do suhostaja tako da je aktivnost u drugom i trećem razdoblju bila statistički značajno veća od one u suhostaju. Aktivnosti GGT izmjerene u prvoj fazi laktacije i suhostaju bile su statistički značajno veće od onih u drugom i trećem razdoblju. Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su značajan utjecaj proizvodnje mlijeka i suhostaja na aktivnost istraživanih enzima u krvnoj plazmi pa se na toj osnovi zaključuje o potrebi stalnog praćenja opisanih pokazatelja tijekom proizvodnje

fattening and

The effect of organic selenium supplementation on the antioxidativ

Učinak gladovanja na koncentraciju ukupnih bjelančevina i mokraćne kiseline te aktivnosti aminotransferaza u krvnoj plazmi pačića.

The effect of a six-day fasting period on the variations of total protein and uric acid concentrations as well as on the activities of aspartate aminotransferase [aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase (AST); EC 2.6.1.1] and alanine aminotransferase [L-alanine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase (ALT); EC 2.6.1.2] was investigated in Peking Duck ducklings. At the age of 28 days, the ducklings were divided into two groups: a normally fed control group (n = 28), and a group that was submitted to a six-day long fast. Eight ducklings from the experimental group and seven ducklings belonging to the control group were sacrificed by decapitation after the 3rd, the 4th, the 5th, and the 6th day of fasting. The blood for analysis was sampled from the neck, simultaneously in the experimental and in the control group, heparin being used as the anticoagulant. In the blood plasma obtained, the concentrations of total proteins and of uric acid as well as the levels of AST and ALT activities were assessed by spectrophotometer. Over the entire trial period, the concentration of total proteins in the blood plasma of the fasting ducklings was significantly lower than the control values: on day 3, P = 0.0239, and on days 4, 5, and 6, P = 0.0012. After the period of five days of the trial, a significantly higher (P = 0.018) value of uric acid concentration was measured in the experimental ducklings than in the controls, but at the same time, the lowest uric acid concentration in the entire trial period was found in the control group. In relation to the control group, significantly lower AST activity was found after the 5th day of fasting (P = 0.0276), and lower ALT activity after the 4th day of fasting (P = 0.0410). The low concentrations of total proteins over the entire trial period as well as reduced activities of the afore mentioned enzymes were probably a consequence of a reduced protein regeneration in the body due to the deficiency of amino acids from the gastro-intestinal tract during fasting.Istražen je utjecaj šestodnevnog gladovanja na koncentraciju ukupnih bjelančevina i mokraćne kiseline, te aktivnosti aspartat-aminotransferaze [aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase (AST); EC 2.6.1.1] i alanin-aminotransferaze [L-alanine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase (ALT); EC 2.6.1.2] u krvnoj plazmi pačića pekinške patke. U dobi od 28 dana pačići su bili podijeljeni u dvije skupine: kontrolnu skupinu (n= 28) i pokusnu skupinu koja je podvrgnuta šestodnevnom gladovanju (n = 32). Nakon 3., 4., 5. i 6. dana gladovanja žrtvovano je po 8 pačića pokusne skupine i po 7 pačića kontrolne skupine. Krv za analizu uzimana je s heparinom kao antikoagulansom, istovremeno pokusnoj i kontrolnoj skupini. U dobivenoj krvnoj plazmi spektrofotometrijski su određene koncentracije ukupnih bjelančevina i mokraćne kiseline, te aktivnosti AST i ALT. Tijekom pokusnoga razdoblja koncentracija ukupnih bjelančevina u krvnoj plazmi izgladnjivanih pačića bila je značajno niža od kontrolnih vrijednosti i to 3. dana (P = 0,0239) te 4., 5. i 6. dana (P = 0,0012). Nakon petodnevnog pokusnog razdoblja u izgladnjivanih pačića utvrđena je značajno viša (P = 0,018) vrijednost koncentracije mokraćne kiseline nego u kontrolnoj skupini, no istodobno je u kontrolnoj skupini zabilježena najniža koncentracija mokraćne kiseline tijekom cijeloga pokusnoga razdoblja. U odnosu na kontrolnu skupinu značajno niža aktivnost AST zabilježena je nakon 5. dana gladovanja (P = 0,0276), a aktivnosti ALT nakon 4. dana gladovanja (P = 0,0410). Niska koncentracija ukupnih bjelančevina u pačića pokusne skupine i smanjena aktivnost navedenih enzima vjerojatno je posljedica smanjene obnove bjelančevina u organizmu zbog nedostatka aminokiselina iz probavnoga trakta u vrijeme gladovanja

Kretanje koncentracija ukupnih bjelančevina i albumina te aktivnosti AST, ALT i GGT u krvnoj plazmi kobila tijekom gravidnosti i rane laktacije

The metabolism of proteins in the blood plasma of Holstein breed mares was investigated during pregnancy and early lactation. Blood for analysis was taken in the first, second and third periods of pregnancy, and during early lactation. Blood samples were collected by jugular puncture with heparin as an anticoagulant. In the obtained blood plasma the concentration of total proteins and albumin, and the activity of enzymes aspartate aminotransferase (AST; EC 2.6.1.1), alanine aminotransferase (ALT; EC 2.6.1.2), and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT; EC 2.3.2.2) was determined by spectrophotometry. According to the research results of the blood plasma in mares during pregnancy and early lactation, there were no significant differences in the concentration of total proteins, albumin, and ALT and GGT enzyme activity. In the final third of pregnancy there was a statistically significant decrease of AST activity compared to the first period (P<0.01), and the second period of pregnancy (P<0.001). The lower activity of AST during pregnancy and early lactation can be attributed to this special breed. The obtained results constitute a contribution to a better understanding of biochemical processes in pregnant mares, for estimating their physiological status and for diagnostic purposes.Istražen je metabolizam bjelančevina u krvnoj plazmi kobila pasmine Holstein tijekom gravidnosti i rane laktacije. Krv za analizu uzimana je u prvoj, drugoj i trećoj trećini gravidnosti, te u ranoj laktaciji iz v. iugularis uz upotrebu heparina kao antikoagulansa. U dobivenoj krvnoj plazmi spektrofotometrijski je određena koncentracija ukupnih bjelančevina i albumina te aktivnosti enzima aspartat aminotransferaze (AST; EC 2.6.1.1.), alanin aminotransferaze (ALT; EC 2.6.1.2.), i gama-glutamiltransferaze (GGT; EC 2.3.2.2.). Na osnovi polučenih rezultata u krvnoj plazmi kobila tijekom gravidnosti i rane laktacije nisu utvrđene značajnije promjene koncentracija ukupnih bjelančevina i albumina te aktivnosti enzima ALT i GGT. U posljednjoj trećini gravidnosti utvrđen je statistički značajan pad aktivnosti AST u odnosu na prvu (P<0,01) i drugu trećinu (P<0,001). Niža aktivnost AST tijekom gravidnosti i rane laktacije mogla bi se pripisati pasminskoj osobitosti. Dobiveni rezultati doprinose boljem poznavanju biokemijskih procesa u gravidnih kobila, kako u procjeni njihovog fiziološkog stanja tako i u dijagnostičke svrhe

Effects of fasting and refeeding on the antioxidant system in cockerels and pullets

The effect of fasting and refeeding on total antioxidant status (TAS), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity and concentration of some non-enzymatic antioxidant compounds was studied in cockerels and pullets. Blood was collected before and after 48-h fasting and 24 h after refeeding. In cockerels, fasting resulted in a significant decrease of TAS and uric acid concentration. After refeeding, the concentration of TAS remained significantly lower as compared to the control level. At the same time, blood plasma level of total lipids increased in comparison to the control and post-fasting values. In pullets, fasting resulted in a significant decrease of whole blood haemolysate GSH-Px activity and blood plasma concentrations of albumin and uric acid. Simultaneously, a significant increase in total lipids and cholesterol was obtained. In pullets, refeeding resulted in a further decrease of TAS to undetectable values, a significant decrease of blood plasma cholesterol, and a significant increase of GSH-Px in the whole blood haemolysate and in blood plasma uric acid content. The results indicate that fasting has a negative impact on the antioxidant defence system of the blood, which leads to a reduced resistance to oxidative stress in both cockerels and pullets. However, pullets seem to be more susceptible to fasting-provoked oxidative stress than cockerels