Evaluation of Renoprotective Effect of Lipoic Acid and Bosentan Against Diclofenac-Induced Acute Renal Failure

Acute renal failure also known as acute kidney injury (AKI) is a complex health condition related to significant morbidity and mortality. In hospitalized patients, around 19-33 percent of AKI episodes are linked to drug induced nephrotoxicity. Although considered safe, NSAIDs such as diclofenac have gained special attention over the past few years due to the potential risk of renal injury. The direct effect of diclofenac-induced renal injury depends on targeting the mitochondria in kidney tissue, and formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) resulting in oxidative stress. Secondly, diclofenac inhibit renal prostaglandin production, limiting renal afferent arteriole vasodilation, increasing afferent resistance; thus decreasing the glomerular capillary pressure below normal values and glomerular filtration rate will decrease resulting in AKI. Alpha-Lipoic acid (ALA) has beneficial effects in prevention or relief of symptoms of oxidative stress- related diseases, as it acts as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory micronutrient. Bosentan is a competitive antagonist with dual endothelin-1 receptors, as renal vascular ET-1 system is upregulated under many pathophysiological situations. In present study, we investigated the effect of lipoic acid and bosentan in diclofenac induced acute renal failure in male rats. We observed that diclofenac increased serum levels of urea, creatinine, malondialdehyde, KIM-1, TGFβ1 and fibronectin significantly (p>0.05) in the induction group compared to control group. While, SOD significantly (p>0.05) reduced in the induction group compared to control group. Both of lipoic acid and bosentan alone didn’t significantly protect against diclofenac induced AKI. However, the combination group showed a significant protection against AKI. Pearson correlation analysis showed a significant positive correlation between (urea and KIM-1) and between (creatinine and KIM-1) (r2=0.792 and r2=0.677 respectively). Furthermore, there was a significant positive correlation between fibronectin and urea (r2= 0.498, p>0.01) and fibronectin and creatinine (r2=0.356, p>0.05). Interestingly, KIM-1 showed a significant positive correlation with fibronectin (r2=0.536, p>0.01). ROC curve test was performed for KIM-1 and fibronectin biomarkers. The AUC for KIM-1 was 0.986 and for fibronectin was 0.829. We concluded that combination therapy of lipoic acid and bosentan showed a significant protective effect against diclofenac-induced AKI. In addition, fibronectin could be a promising biomarker for detection and diagnosis of acute kidney injury. Key words: Diclofenac, oxidative stress, alpha- lipoic acid, endothelin-1, bosenta

Synthesis and evaluation of B-cyclodextrin Based Nanosponges of 5- Fluorouracil by Using Ultrasound Assisted Method

  CD-nanosponges were prepared by crosslinking B-CD with diphenylcarbonate (DPC) using ultrasound assisted technique. 5-FU was incorporated with NS by freeze drying, and the phase solubility study, complexation efficiency (CE) entrapment efficiency were performed. Also, the particle morphology was studied using SEM and AFM. The in-vitro release of 5-FU from the prepared nanosponges was carried out in 0.1N HCl. 5-FU nanosponges particle size was in the nano size. The optimum formula showed a particle size of (405.46±30) nm, with a polydispersity index (PDI) (0.328±0.002) and a negative zeta potential (-18.75±1.8). Also the drug entrapment efficiency varied with the CD: DPC molar ratio from 15.6 % to 30%. The SEM and AFM showed crystalline and porous nature of the nanosponges. The in vitro drug release study of the selected formula 5-FUNS2 exhibited the fastest dissolution rate which is 56% in the first hr. Different molar ratios of (cyclodextrin to crosslinker) (CD: DPC) has a proficient effect on complexation efficiency (CE), apparent stability constant (Kst) and entrapment efficiency of 5-FU. 5-FUNS2 with (1:4) molar ratio showed the best result of CE, Kst and entrapment efficiency. 5-FUNS2 gave a higher release rate than the 5-FU-BCD inclusion complex and 5-FU solution. Surface morphology of the prepared nanosponges by SEM, AFM indicate that nanosized and highly porous nanosponges was obtained. The overall results suggest that cyclodextrin nanosponges could be a promising 5-FU delivery system utilizing the suitable formula

Perceptions about water pollution among university students : A case study from Iraq

This study intends to evaluate university students’ awareness regarding water pollution in Iraq to show the environmental education contribution in reducing water pollution. The study was conducted in Wasit university, Wasit province, Iraq by field questionnaire survey with 388 students from the civil engineering department and engineering college. The questionnaires were divided according to the pollution causes into industrial, agricultural and sewage water pollutants. The data were analyzed utilizing the thematic analysis to assess environmental knowledge and awareness of water pollution risks. The results show that most students have high interest in environmental conservation, yet, a lack of education in general environmental education, as the educational curriculum focuses on theoretical aspects more than the practical ones. The results also show that the media role is inactive concerning environmental awareness of water pollution. This study provides a scientific view of policymakers for potential future conditions to find solutions that achieve sustainability goals.Validerad;2021;Nivå 2;2021-04-07 (alebob)</p

Spatial analyses model for the public transportation and the urban form relationship

The lack of analys is tools that respond to spatial heterogeneity and the failure to adopt them as tools to assess problems, and the low life quality of Iraqi c ities represent this study's problem. Hence, this study aims to analyze the relationship b etween public transportation and urban form patterns using spatial analys is and shed light on the contribution of spatial analysis as practical planning tools to increase the public transport contribution. The importance of the study can be summarised in the following two reasons; the first is the adoption of a new model for spatial analyzes, which is weighted geographical regression. The second reason is the attempt to activate public transport. Therefore, it should be known that makes public transportation more attractive to the user, both for new areas and future development. The study hypothesis includes that spatial analyzes are more appropriate tools for studying spatial phenomena and are compatible with postmodernity. Finally, the current study introduced a demographic and good urban design that fac ilitates the residents' access to public transport services.Godkänd;2023;Nivå 0;2023-05-04 (joosat);Konferensartikel i tidskrift;</p