Analysis of impact of atmospheric attenuation and measurement uncertainties on laser hazard distances in navigable airspace for visible cw laser radiation

This document provides a simplified solution to the problem of calculation of laser hazard distances defined in the Advisory Circular 70-1B by the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration regarding atmospheric attenuation (assuming its constant value) and measurement uncertainties. The calculation approaches and examples presented in this document do not specify the procedure that should be followed in the case of atmospheric attenuation, nor do they take into account the uncertainties associated with the measured parameters. The analysis presented in the article complements to some extent AC 70-1B and can be used by those who need such a simplified solution regarding illumination of landing or taking off aircrafts. The article presents a sample analysis for a typical laser pointer, where the necessary parameters of the laser beam along with the appropriate uncertainties were determined in accordance with the methods accredited by the Polish Centre for Accreditation while the appropriate laser hazard distances were calculated taking into account different atmospheric attenuation coefficients

NASYCENIE PROCESU ABSORPCJI PROMIENIOWANIA TERMICZNEGO W ATMOSFERYCZNYM DWUTLENKU WĘGLA

The article presents a concise review of the works concerning the impact of an increase of the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere on the increase of its absorption of thermal radiation. Attention was paid to differences in the results of calculations presented in the works by various authors. Experimental  verification was carried out, which confirmed the possibility of saturation of the process of thermal radiation absorption by CO2 in the atmosphere. Possibilities of improving climate models by using direct measurement results of experimental works were pointed out.W artykule przedstawiono zwięzły przegląd prac dotyczących wpływu wzrostu stężenia dwutlenku węgla w atmosferze na wzrost w niej absorpcji promieniowania termicznego. Zwrócono uwagę na różnice wyników obliczeń w pracach różnych autorów. Przeprowadzono weryfikację eksperymentalną, która potwierdziła możliwość nasycenia się procesu absorpcji promieniowania termicznego dla CO2 w atmosferze. Wskazano możliwości doskonalenia modeli klimatycznych poprzez wykorzystywanie bezpośrednich wyników pomiarów w pracach eksperymentalnych

CHARAKTERYSTYKA ABSORPCJI PROMIENIOWANIA CIEPLNEGO DLA DWUTLENKU WĘGLA

The article presents graphs of absorption of thermal radiation as a function of the mass of absorbing carbon dioxide per unit of illuminated area. Experimental research was preceded by an analysis of a simplified model of radiation absorption, paying attention to the phenomenon of saturation. The results of the experimental research were compared with the theoretical ones and the discrepancies were interpreted. Based on the conclusions, suggestions were made regarding the impact of further CO2 emissions on climate change.W artykule przedstawiono wykresy absorpcji promieniowania cieplnego w funkcji masy absorbującego dwutlenku węgla na jednostkę oświetlanej powierzchni. Badania eksperymentalne poprzedzono analizą uproszczonego modelu absorpcji promieniowania, zwracając uwagę na zjawisko nasycenia. Wyniki badań eksperymentalnych porównano z teoretycznymi, a rozbieżności zinterpretowano. Na podstawie wniosków sformułowano sugestie dotyczące wpływu dalszej emisji CO2 na zmiany klimatyczne

PROBLEMY ZDALNEGO WYKRYWANIA PAR ALKOHOLU W ZAMKNIĘTYCH KABINACH

The paper presents methods of solving the problems associated with the transmission of windows for radiation used in the detection of alcohol vapor in the car cabins. A method of differential absorption modified by introducing two reference beams characterized by different absorption in the windows was presented. Special attention was paid to the optical properties of car windows. The experimental results and the possibility of practical use of the method were described.W pracy przedstawiono sposoby rozwiązywania problemów związanych z transmisją okien dla wykorzystywanego promieniowania przy wykrywaniu par alkoholu w kabinach. Zaprezentowano zmodyfikowaną metodę absorpcji różnicowej polegającą na wprowadzeniu dwóch wiązek odniesienia o różnym współczynniku absorpcji w szkle. Zwrócono szczególną uwagę na własności optyczne okien dla wykorzystywanych wiązek promieniowania o różnej długości fali. Przedstawiono wyniki badań eksperymentalnych i pokazano możliwości praktycznego wykorzystania przedstawionej metody do wykrywania par alkoholu w kabinach z oknami zwłaszcza w pojazdach samochodowych przy wykorzystaniu zaprezentowanych opisów

Analysis of impact of atmospheric attenuation and measurement uncertainties on laser hazard distances in navigable airspace for visible cw laser radiation

This document provides a simplified solution to the problem of calculation of laser hazard distances defined in the Advisory Circular 70-1B by the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration regarding atmospheric attenuation (assuming its constant value) and measurement uncertainties. The calculation approaches and examples presented in this document do not specify the procedure that should be followed in the case of atmospheric attenuation, nor do they take into account the uncertainties associated with the measured parameters. The analysis presented in the article complements to some extent AC 70-1B and can be used by those who need such a simplified solution regarding illumination of landing or taking off aircrafts. The article presents a sample analysis for a typical laser pointer, where the necessary parameters of the laser beam along with the appropriate uncertainties were determined in accordance with the methods accredited by the Polish Centre for Accreditation while the appropriate laser hazard distances were calculated taking into account different atmospheric attenuation coefficients

Influence of increased CO2 concentration in the atmosphere on the process of thermal radiation absorption

W pracy przedstawiono problem wpływu wzrostu stężenia dwutlenku węgla w atmosferze na wzrost w niej absorpcji promieniowania termicznego. Zwrócono uwagę na różnice wyników obliczeń w pracach różnych autorów. Opracowana została prosta metoda pomiarowa, przy pomocy której, wykorzystując promieniowanie podczerwone z Księżyca, potwierdzono możliwość nasycenia się procesu absorpcji promieniowania termicznego dla CO₂ w atmosferze. Następnie przedstawiono propozycję prowadzenia dalszych prac eksperymentalnych umożliwiających doskonalenie i weryfikację komputerowych modeli klimatycznych.The paper presents the problem of the influence of the increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere on the increase in the absorption of thermal radiation. Attention was paid to the differences in the results of calculations in the works of different authors. A simple measurement method has been worked out by means of which, using infrared radiation from the Moon, the possibility of saturation of the process of absorption of thermal radiation for CO₂ in the atmosphere has been confirmed. Next, a proposal was presented to conduct further experimental works enabling improvement and verification of computer climate models

Climatic consequences of the process of saturation of radiation absorption in gases

This article provides a brief review of research on the impact of anthropogenic increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration on Earth's climate. A simplified analysis of resonant radiation absorption in gases is conducted. Building upon the material from the cited articles, theoretical and empirical relationships between radiation absorption and the mass of the absorbing material are presented. The concept of saturation mass is introduced. Special attention is given to the phenomenon of thermal radiation absorption saturation in carbon dioxide. By comparing the saturation mass of CO2 with the quantity of this gas in Earth's atmosphere, and analyzing the results of experiments and measurements, the need for continued and improved experimental work is suggested to ascertain whether additionally emitted carbon dioxide into the atmosphere is indeed a greenhouse gas. Significance statement: • The impact of anthropogenic increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration on Earth's climate is analysed. • The concept of saturation mass is introduced. • By comparing the saturation mass of CO2 with the quantity of this gas in Earth's atmosphere, and analyzing the results of experiments and measurements, the need for continued and improved experimental work is suggested to ascertain whether additionally emitted carbon dioxide into the atmosphere is indeed a greenhouse gas

Multigas module of chemical contaminant sensors

[b]Abstract[/b]. The paper describes the construction and the results of investigations of the multigas module of chemical contaminants sensors. The module is able to detect 11 different volatile chemical agents simultaneously and this number can be increased if needed. The module was designed and built as a device installed on mobile unmanned platform for anti-crisis application.[b]Keywords[/b]: chemical sensor, chemical contaminants, electrochemical sensor, optical senso

Moduł czujników wielu gazów zagrożeń chemicznych

[b]Abstract[/b]. The paper describes the construction and the results of investigations of the multigas module of chemical contaminants sensors. The module is able to detect 11 different volatile chemical agents simultaneously and this number can be increased if needed. The module was designed and built as a device installed on mobile unmanned platform for anti-crisis application.[b]Keywords[/b]: chemical sensor, chemical contaminants, electrochemical sensor, optical senso

Comparison of Low-Cost Particulate Matter Sensors for Indoor Air Monitoring during COVID-19 Lockdown

This study shows the results of air monitoring in high- and low-occupancy rooms using two combinations of sensors, AeroTrak8220(TSI)/OPC-N3 (AlphaSense, Great Notley, UK) and OPC-N3/PMS5003 (Plantower, Beijing, China), respectively. The tests were conducted in a flat in Warsaw during the restrictions imposed due to the COVID-19 lockdown. The results showed that OPC-N3 underestimates the PN (particle number concentration) by about 2–3 times compared to the AeroTrak8220. Subsequently, the OPC-N3 was compared with another low-cost sensor, the PMS5003. Both devices showed similar efficiency in PN estimation, whereas PM (particulate matter) concentration estimation differed significantly. Moreover, the relationship among the PM1–PM2.5–PM10 readings obtained with the PMS5003 appeared improbably linear regarding the natural indoor conditions. The correlation of PM concentrations obtained with the PMS5003 suggests an oversimplified calculation method of PM. The studies also demonstrated that PM1, PM2.5, and PM10 concentrations in the high- to low-occupancy rooms were about 3, 2, and 1.5 times, respectively. On the other hand, the use of an air purifier considerably reduced the PM concentrations to similar levels in both rooms. All the sensors showed that frying and toast-making were the major sources of particulate matter, about 10 times higher compared to average levels. Considerably lower particle levels were measured in the low-occupancy room