Comparison of results obtained by computer simulation of individual and non-individual calibration.

Comparison of results obtained by computer simulation of individual and non-individual calibration.</p

Ideal headlamp adjusted according to the kinematic model with —approach distances between the test points and their prescribed positions before and after optimization.

Ideal headlamp adjusted according to the kinematic model with —approach distances between the test points and their prescribed positions before and after optimization.</p

Ideal headlamp adjusted according to the kinematic model with —convergence history of both algorithms.

Ideal headlamp adjusted according to the kinematic model with —convergence history of both algorithms.</p

Ideal headlamp rotated around the <i>x</i> and <i>y</i> axes by 10⁻²<i>π</i>: (a) 3D location of test points; (b) approach distances between test points and their prescribed positions before and after optimization.

Ideal headlamp rotated around the x and y axes by 10−2π: (a) 3D location of test points; (b) approach distances between test points and their prescribed positions before and after optimization.</p

Summary of related works.

Summary of related works.</p

Success rate analysis of the practical industrial application of a digital twin in executing adjustments on a specific headlamp type.

Success rate analysis of the practical industrial application of a digital twin in executing adjustments on a specific headlamp type.</p

Comparison of the results to state-of-the-art studies.

Comparison of the results to state-of-the-art studies.</p

Ideal headlamp adjusted according to the kinematic model for different values of —results for both algorithms.

Ideal headlamp adjusted according to the kinematic model for different values of —results for both algorithms.</p

Distances between test points and their prescribed positions. The success rate of test point alignment for each headlamp.

Distances between test points and their prescribed positions. The success rate of test point alignment for each headlamp.</p

Distances between test points and their prescribed positions before and after optimization: A—poorly manufactured, B—poorly glued.

Distances between test points and their prescribed positions before and after optimization: A—poorly manufactured, B—poorly glued.</p