Nuclear expression of FLT1 and its ligand PGF in FUS-DDIT3 carrying myxoid liposarcomas suggests the existence of an intracrine signaling loop

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The FUS-DDIT3 fusion oncogene encodes an abnormal transcription factor that has a causative role in the development of myxoid/round-cell liposarcomas (MLS/RCLS). We have previously identified <it>FLT1 </it>(<it>VEGFR1</it>) as a candidate downstream target gene of FUS-DDIT3. The aim of this study was to investigate expression of FLT1 and its ligands in MLS cells.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>HT1080 human fibrosarcoma cells were transiently transfected with <it>FUS-DDIT3</it>-GFP variant constructs and FLT1 expression was measured by quantitative real-time PCR. In addition, <it>FLT1</it>, <it>PGF, VEGFA and VEGFB </it>expression was measured in MLS/RCLS cell lines, MLS/RCLS tumors and in normal adiopocytes. We analyzed nine cases of MLS/RCLS and one cell line xenografted in mice for FLT1 protein expression using immunohistochemistry. MLS/RCLS cell lines were also analyzed for FLT1 by immunofluorescence and western blot. MLS/RCLS cell lines were additionally treated with FLT1 tyrosine kinase inhibitors and assayed for alterations in proliferation rate.</p> <p>Results</p> <p><it>FLT1 </it>expression was dramatically increased in transfected cells stably expressing FUS-DDIT3 and present at high levels in cell lines derived from MLS. The FLT1 protein showed a strong nuclear expression in cells of MLS tissue as well as in cultured MLS cells, which was confirmed by cellular fractionation. Tissue array analysis showed a nuclear expression of the FLT1 protein also in several other tumor and normal cell types including normal adipocytes. The FLT1 ligand coding gene <it>PGF </it>was highly expressed in cultured MLS cells compared to normal adipocytes while the other ligand genes <it>VEGFA </it>and <it>VEGFB </it>were expressed to lower levels. A more heterogeneous expression pattern of these genes were observed in tumor samples. No changes in proliferation rate of MLS cells were detected at concentrations for which the kinase inhibitors have shown specific inhibition of FLT1.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Our results imply that <it>FLT1 </it>is induced as an indirect downstream effect of FUS-DDIT3 expression in MLS. This could be a consequence of the ability of FUS-DDIT3 to hijack parts of normal adipose tissue development and reprogram primary cells to a liposarcoma-like phenotype. The findings of nuclear FLT1 protein and expression of corresponding ligands in MLS and normal tissues may have implications for tissue homeostasis and tumor development through auto- or intracrine signaling.</p

FUS-DDIT3 Prevents the Development of Adipocytic Precursors in Liposarcoma by Repressing PPARγ and C/EBPα and Activating eIF4E

FUS-DDIT3 is a chimeric protein generated by the most common chromosomal translocation t(12;16)(q13;p11) linked to liposarcomas, which are characterized by the accumulation of early adipocytic precursors. Current studies indicate that FUS-DDIT3- liposarcoma develops from uncommitted progenitors. However, the precise mechanism whereby FUS-DDIT3 contributes to the differentiation arrest remains to be elucidated. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Here we have characterized the adipocyte regulatory protein network in liposarcomas of FUS-DITT3 transgenic mice and showed that PPARgamma2 and C/EBPalpha expression was altered. Consistent with in vivo data, FUS-DDIT3 MEFs and human liposarcoma cell lines showed a similar downregulation of both PPARgamma2 and C/EBPalpha expression. Complementation studies with PPARgamma but not C/EBPalpha rescued the differentiation block in committed adipocytic precursors expressing FUS-DDIT3. Our results further show that FUS-DDIT3 interferes with the control of initiation of translation by upregulation of the eukaryotic translation initiation factors eIF2 and eIF4E both in FUS-DDIT3 mice and human liposarcomas cell lines, explaining the shift towards the truncated p30 isoform of C/EBPalpha in liposarcomas. Suppression of the FUS-DDIT3 transgene did rescue this adipocyte differentiation block. Moreover, eIF4E was also strongly upregulated in normal adipose tissue of FUS-DDIT3 transgenic mice, suggesting that overexpression of eIF4E may be a primary event in the initiation of liposarcomas. Reporter assays showed FUS-DDIT3 is involved in the upregulation of eIF4E in liposarcomas and that both domains of the fusion protein are required for affecting eIF4E expression. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Taken together, this study provides evidence of the molecular mechanisms involve in the disruption of normal adipocyte differentiation program in liposarcoma harbouring the chimeric gene FUS-DDIT3.Research in ISG group is supported partially by FEDER and by MEC (SAF2006-03726), Junta de Castilla y León (CSI03A05), FIS (PI050087, PI050116), Fundación de Investigación MMA, Federación de Cajas de Ahorro Castilla y León (I Convocatoria de Ayudas para Proyectos de Investigación Biosanitaria con Células Madre), CDTEAM project (CENIT-Ingenio 2010) and MEC Consolider-Ingenio 2010 (Ref. CSD2007-0017).Research in ISG group is supported partially by FEDER and by MEC (SAF2006-03726 and PETRI N° 95-0913.OP), Junta de Castilla y León (CSI03A05), FIS (PI050087, PI050116), Fundación de Investigación MMA, Federación de Cajas de Ahorro Castilla y León (I Convocatoria de Ayudas para Proyectos de Investigación Biosanitaria con Células Madre), CDTEAM project (CENIT-Ingenio 2010) and MEC Consolider-Ingenio 2010 (Ref. CSD2007-0017). MSM is supported by the Ramon y Cajal Scientific Spanish Program, Fondo Investigacion Sanitaria (FIS PI04-1271), Junta de Castilla y León (SA085A06) and Fundación Manuel Solorzano, University of Salamanca.Peer reviewe

Gliadin uptake in human enterocytes. Differences between coeliac patients in remission and control individuals.

The pepsin trypsin digest of the wheat prolamin gliadin (PT-gliadin) is deleterious to the small intestinal mucosa of coeliac patients. The handling of PT-gliadin by the intestinal epithelium in coeliac patients in remission and control individuals was investigated by in vivo instillation of PT-gliadin. The uptake of PT-gliadin was monitored by immunofluorescence microscopy of intestinal biopsy specimens, using affinity purified PT-gliadin antibodies. Control individuals show weak staining in the apical region of the enterocytes thereby showing an uptake of PT-gliadin. Coeliac patients have a conspicuous fluorescence in relation to the lateral membrane/intercellular space of enterocytes and intense staining intracellularly in the apical region. There is only weak staining in the enterocytes after the instillation was terminated, indicating an intracellular clearance. The study shows that normal enterocytes are able to take up PT-gliadin. The increased uptake in coeliac patients might be of importance for the pathogenesis either by direct toxicity or by presentation to immunocompetent cells. Furthermore, the results are in agreement with the suggestion of a functional alteration in the zonula occludens in the intestinal epithelium of coeliac patients