Evaluation of the Cariogram for root caries prediction

<p>The relative expression of plasma proteins at 24, 48 and 96 hpi of infected snails were compared against the control group (uninfected snails). Proteins were grouped into 7 different categories based on GO annotation and clustering was performed using Euclidean distances based on the expression patterns. Color intensity reflects the corresponding log₂ fold change and significant up-regulation shown in red, significant down-regulation is shown in blue, and no statistically significant change in abundance is shown in gray.</p

Exploration times of animals in NOL test.

<p>The preference index (PI) were significantly higher than 50% (chance) in the control, AA, 5-FU+AA (preventive), and 5-FU+AA (throughout) groups (*<i>p</i><0.05, <b>A</b>), whereas the PI in the 5-FU and 5-FU+AA (recovery) groups did not deviate significantly from chance (<i>p</i>>0.05). Total exploration time of the familiarization and choice trials (<b>B</b>) did not differ significantly among the various groups (<i>p</i>>0.05).</p

Effect of 5-FU and AA on cell survival in the dentate gyrus.

<p>Representative images of BrdU positive cells in the dentate gyrus in each group <b>(A-F)</b>. BrdU positive cells were stained green in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus. Sections were counterstained with red nuclear dye, propidium iodide: PI. Arrowheads indicate BrdU positive cells in the the dentate gyrus (scale bars: 100 μm). Inserted images show BrdU immunostaining under high magnification (scale bar: 50 μm). Mean BrdU positive cell counts in the 5-FU group were significantly lower than the control, AA, and 5-FU+AA (preventive and throughout) groups (*<i>p</i><0.05, <b>G</b>). Furthermore, BrdU positive cell counts in the 5-FU+AA (recovery) group were significantly less than those in the control group (#<i>p</i><0.05, <b>G</b>). ML: molecular layer, GCL: granule cell layer.</p

Asiatic acid protects against cognitive deficits and reductions in cell proliferation and survival in the rat hippocampus caused by 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy - Fig 1

<p><b>Mean exploration times (mean ± SEM) of animals during the familiarization (A) and choice (B) trials of the NOL test after treatment.</b> In the familiarization trial, animals from all groups showed no significant difference in the total exploration time of the two objects (<i>p</i>>0.05). In the choice trial, the control, AA, 5-FU+AA (preventive), and 5-FU+AA (throughout) groups spent significantly longer exploring the object in the novel location compared with that in the familiar location (*<i>p</i><0.05), whereas the 5-FU and 5-FU+AA (recovery) groups did not (<i>p</i>>0.05).</p

Summary results from SWATH-MS analysis.

<p>The number of proteins, peptides, precursors and transitions in spectral reference library, filtered at protein FDR 1% and proteins in SWATH-MS datasets are reported. Proteins with statistically significantly differential expression are shown in the bottom half of the table, including the non-redundant total of statistically significant differentially expressed proteins from all time points, as well as numbers of proteins up-regulated and down-regulated within each time point (24, 48 and 96 hpi). Analyses were carried out using MS Stats.</p

Volcano plot of the significantly differentially expressed proteins.

<p>Differentially expressed proteins in hemocytes (A) and plasma (B) of <i>Bithynia siamensis goniomphalos</i> following infection with <i>Opisthorchis viverrini</i> at different time points (24, 48 and 96 hpi) compared to controls. Volcano plots showing log₂-fold changes plotted against log₂ <i>P</i>-values. Blue dots represent proteins with significantly down-regulated expression, while red dots represent proteins with significantly up-regulated expression. Proteins of interest discussed in the text have been labelled.</p

Protocol workflow.

<p>Schematic workflow of the protocol followed for the identification and quantification of proteins in the hemolymph of <i>Opisthorchis viverrini</i>-infected <i>Bithynia siamensis goniomphalos</i> snails.</p

Gene Ontology analysis.

<p>A Gene Ontology analysis showing the significantly differentially expressed proteins was performed using Blast2Go [<a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005104#pntd.0005104.ref050" target="_blank">50</a>]. The most abundant gene ontology terms “molecular function” (A) and “biological process” (B) from hemocytes (closed bars) and plasma (open bars) of <i>Opisthorchis viverrini</i>-infected <i>Bithynia siamensis goniomphalos</i> snails have been plotted.</p